Entry
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian camel)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian camel) [GN:
cbai ]
Gene
105067298 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
105078179 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
105082997 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
105074761 ITPR1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958 ]
105062304 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
105070382 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926 ]
105068491 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 [KO:K04927 ]
105082949 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928 ]
105072860 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929 ]
105078940 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 [KO:K04930 ]
105081329 KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005 ]
105062584 KCNJ14; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
105080234 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
105062385 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
105063651 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
105078712 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
105071051 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
105067755 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
105071086 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
105063316 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04538 ]
105080494 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
105070137 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
105075111 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
105069319 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4-like [KO:K04541 ]
105062549 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04544 ]
105082939 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
105068344 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04347 ]
105065706 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
105082944 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
105081914 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997 ]
105072485 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
105062421 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105077550 PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
105077591 PIK3R5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 [KO:K21290 ]
105068468 CHRNA4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806 ]
105068181 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813 ]
105069154 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805 ]
105069156 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815 ]
105071184 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808 ]
105072963 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
105073101 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
105076770 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
105078379 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
105068196 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
105063046 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
105067333 CREB3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
105082021 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
105074295 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
105063312 PIK3CA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105071167 PIK3CD; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105066839 PIK3CB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105082679 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
105064416 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649 ]
105065663 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
105068402 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344 ]
105073404 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849 ]
105076642 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850 ]
105079596 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851 ]
105079415 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
105070011 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brown DA
Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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