KEGG   PATHWAY: mmao00680
Entry
mmao00680                   Pathway                                
Name
Methane metabolism - Methanococcus maripaludis OS7
Description
Methane is metabolized principally by methanotrophs and methanogens in the global carbon cycle. Methanotrophs consume methane as the only source of carbon, while methanogens produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. Methylotrophs, which are microorganisms that can obtain energy for growth by oxidizing one-carbon compounds, such as methanol and methane, are situated between methanotrophs and methanogens. Methanogens can obtain energy for growth by converting a limited number of substrates to methane under anaerobic conditions. Three types of methanogenic pathways are known: CO2 to methane [MD:M00567], methanol to methane [MD:M00356], and acetate to methane [MD:M00357]. Methanogens use 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (CoM; coenzyme M) as the terminal methyl carrier in methanogenesis and have four enzymes for CoM biosynthesis [MD:M00358]. Coenzyme B-Coenzyme M heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr), requiring for the final reaction steps of methanogenic pathway, is divided into two types: cytoplasmic HdrABC in most methanogens and membrane-bound HdrED in Methanosarcina species. In methanotrophs and methyltrophs methane is oxidized to form formaldehyde, which is at the diverging point for further oxidation to CO2 for energy source and assimilation for biosynthesis. There are three pathways that convert formaldehyde to C2 or C3 compounds: serine pathway [MD:M00346], ribulose monophosphate pathway [MD:M00345], and xylulose monophosphate pathway [MD:M00344]. The first two pathways are found in prokaryotes and the third is found in yeast. As a special case of methylotrophs, various amines can be used as carbon sources in trimethylamine metabolism [MD:M00563].
Class
Metabolism; Energy metabolism
Pathway map
mmao00680  Methane metabolism
mmao00680

Module
mmao_M00357  Methanogenesis, acetate => methane [PATH:mmao00680]
mmao_M00358  Coenzyme M biosynthesis [PATH:mmao00680]
mmao_M00378  F420 biosynthesis, archaea [PATH:mmao00680]
mmao_M00422  Acetyl-CoA pathway, CO2 => acetyl-CoA [PATH:mmao00680]
mmao_M00567  Methanogenesis, CO2 => methane [PATH:mmao00680]
mmao_M00608  2-Oxocarboxylic acid chain extension, 2-oxoglutarate => 2-oxoadipate => 2-oxopimelate => 2-oxosuberate [PATH:mmao00680]
Other DBs
GO: 0015947
Organism
Methanococcus maripaludis OS7 [GN:mmao]
Gene
MMOS7_14050  fdhA; formate dehydrogenase subunit alpha [KO:K22516] [EC:1.17.98.3 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_01690  fdhA; formate dehydrogenase subunit alpha [KO:K22516] [EC:1.17.98.3 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_14040  fdhB; formate dehydrogenase subunit beta [KO:K00125] [EC:1.17.98.3 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_01700  fdhB; formate dehydrogenase subunit beta [KO:K00125] [EC:1.17.98.3 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_10770  cdhA; acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase complex alfa subunit [KO:K00192] [EC:1.2.7.4]
MMOS7_10760  cdhB; acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase complex epsilon subunit [KO:K00195]
MMOS7_10750  cdhC; acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase complex beta subunit [KO:K00193] [EC:2.3.1.169]
MMOS7_10720  cdhE; acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase complex gamma subunit [KO:K00197] [EC:2.1.1.245]
MMOS7_10730  cdhD; acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase complex delta subunit [KO:K00194] [EC:2.1.1.245]
MMOS7_16080  porF; pyruvate oxidoreductase cysteine-rich subunit 2 [KO:K00196]
MMOS7_16090  porE; pyruvate oxidoreductase cysteine-rich subunit 1 [KO:K00196]
MMOS7_09440  D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase [KO:K00018] [EC:1.1.1.29]
MMOS7_04110  eno; enolase [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11]
MMOS7_06910  mdh; malate dehydrogenase [KO:K00024] [EC:1.1.1.37]
MMOS7_03510  fbpA; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase [KO:K01622] [EC:4.1.2.13 3.1.3.11]
MMOS7_03270  fba; fructose-bisphosphate aldolase [KO:K16305] [EC:4.1.2.13 2.2.1.11]
MMOS7_07320  fructose-bisphosphate aldolase [KO:K16306] [EC:4.1.2.13 2.2.1.10]
MMOS7_14030  pfkC; ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase [KO:K00918] [EC:2.7.1.146 2.7.1.147]
MMOS7_13770  putative orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase [KO:K13831] [EC:4.1.2.43 5.3.1.27]
MMOS7_05370  hypothetical protein [KO:K22083] [EC:2.1.1.21]
MMOS7_13560  fwdA; tungsten containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit A [KO:K00200] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_05490  fmdA; molybdenum containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit A [KO:K00200] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_18060  fwdB; tungsten containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit B [KO:K00201] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_05510  fmdB; molybdenum containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit B [KO:K00201] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_05520  fmdB; molybdenum containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit B [KO:K00201] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_08890  fwdB; tungsten containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit B [KO:K00201] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_13570  fwdC; tungsten containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit C [KO:K00202] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_05500  fmdC; molybdenum containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit C [KO:K00202] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_13550  fwdD; tungsten containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit D [KO:K00203] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_13520  fwdE; ferredoxin [KO:K00204]
MMOS7_13530  fwdF; polyferredoxin [KO:K00205]
MMOS7_13540  fwdG; polyferredoxin [KO:K11260]
MMOS7_10570  putative formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit E [KO:K11261] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_02330  fmdE; molybdenum containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit E [KO:K11261] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_05480  fmdE; molybdenum containing formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit E [KO:K11261] [EC:1.2.7.12]
MMOS7_17220  ftr; formylmethanofuran--tetrahydromethanopterin formyltransferase [KO:K00672] [EC:2.3.1.101]
MMOS7_12990  mch; N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase [KO:K01499] [EC:3.5.4.27]
MMOS7_03850  mtd; F420-dependent methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase [KO:K00319] [EC:1.5.98.1]
MMOS7_14870  fruA; coenzyme F420 hydrogenase subunit alpha [KO:K00440] [EC:1.12.98.1]
MMOS7_08830  frhA; coenzyme F420 hydrogenase subunit alpha [KO:K00440] [EC:1.12.98.1]
MMOS7_14900  frhB; coenzyme F420 hydrogenase subunit beta [KO:K00441] [EC:1.12.98.1]
MMOS7_01110  coenzyme F420 hydrogenase/dehydrogenase beta subunit [KO:K00441] [EC:1.12.98.1]
MMOS7_08800  frhB; coenzyme F420 hydrogenase subunit beta [KO:K00441] [EC:1.12.98.1]
MMOS7_14410  putative hydrogenase maturation protease [KO:K00442]
MMOS7_14880  frhD; coenzyme F420-reducing hydrogenase subunit delta [KO:K00442]
MMOS7_08820  frhD; coenzyme F420-reducing hydrogenase delta subunit [KO:K00442]
MMOS7_14890  frhG; coenzyme F420 hydrogenase subunit gamma [KO:K00443] [EC:1.12.98.1]
MMOS7_08810  frhG; coenzyme F420 hydrogenase subunit gamma [KO:K00443] [EC:1.12.98.1]
MMOS7_01580  hmd; 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin hydrogenase [KO:K13942] [EC:1.12.98.2]
MMOS7_00840  mer; 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase [KO:K00320] [EC:1.5.98.2]
MMOS7_16760  mtrA; tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase subunit A [KO:K00577] [EC:7.2.1.4]
MMOS7_16770  mtrA; tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase subunit A [KO:K00577] [EC:7.2.1.4]
MMOS7_16750  mtrB; tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase subunit B [KO:K00578] [EC:7.2.1.4]
MMOS7_16740  mtrC; tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase subunit C [KO:K00579] [EC:7.2.1.4]
MMOS7_16730  mtrD; tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase subunit D [KO:K00580] [EC:7.2.1.4]
MMOS7_16720  mtrE; tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase subunit E [KO:K00581] [EC:7.2.1.4]
MMOS7_16780  mtrG; tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase subunit G [KO:K00583] [EC:7.2.1.4]
MMOS7_16790  mtrH; tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase subunit H [KO:K00584] [EC:7.2.1.4]
MMOS7_16710  mcrA; methyl-coenzyme M reductase I subunit alpha [KO:K00399] [EC:2.8.4.1]
MMOS7_17430  amino acid ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K00400]
MMOS7_06650  methyl coenzyme M reductase system component A2 [KO:K00400]
MMOS7_16670  mcrB; methyl-coenzyme M reductase I subunit beta [KO:K00401] [EC:2.8.4.1]
MMOS7_16700  mcrG; methyl-coenzyme M reductase I subunit gamma [KO:K00402] [EC:2.8.4.1]
MMOS7_16690  mcrC; methyl-coenzyme M reductase I protein C [KO:K03421]
MMOS7_16680  mcrD; methyl-coenzyme M reductase I protein D [KO:K03422]
MMOS7_18120  hdrA; heterodisulfide reductase subunit A [KO:K03388] [EC:1.8.7.3 1.8.98.4 1.8.98.5 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_08880  hdrA; heterodisulfide reductase subunit A [KO:K03388] [EC:1.8.7.3 1.8.98.4 1.8.98.5 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_11480  hdrB; heterodisulfide reductase subunit B [KO:K03389] [EC:1.8.7.3 1.8.98.4 1.8.98.5 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_12630  hdrB; heterodisulfide reductase subunit B [KO:K03389] [EC:1.8.7.3 1.8.98.4 1.8.98.5 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_12620  hdrC; heterodisulfide reductase subunit C [KO:K03390] [EC:1.8.7.3 1.8.98.4 1.8.98.5 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_11490  hdrC; heterodisulfide reductase subunit C [KO:K03390] [EC:1.8.7.3 1.8.98.4 1.8.98.5 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_18110  vhuD; coenzyme F420-non-reducing hydrogenase subunit delta [KO:K14127] [EC:1.12.99.- 1.8.98.5 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_08840  vhcD; coenzyme F420-non-reducing hydrogenase subunit delta [KO:K14127] [EC:1.12.99.- 1.8.98.5 1.8.98.6]
MMOS7_18090  vhuA; coenzyme F420-non-reducing hydrogenase subunit alpha [KO:K14126] [EC:1.12.99.- 1.8.98.5]
MMOS7_08860  vhcA; coenzyme F420-non-reducing hydrogenase subunit alpha [KO:K14126] [EC:1.12.99.- 1.8.98.5]
MMOS7_18100  vhuG; coenzyme F420-non-reducing hydrogenase subunit gamma [KO:K14128] [EC:1.12.99.- 1.8.98.5]
MMOS7_08850  vhcG; coenzyme F420-non-reducing hydrogenase subunit gamma [KO:K14128] [EC:1.12.99.- 1.8.98.5]
MMOS7_13810  putative AMP-dependent synthetase and ligase [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
MMOS7_01790  acsA; acetyl-CoA synthetase (AMP-forming) [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
MMOS7_16110  porA; pyruvate oxidoreductase alpha subunit [KO:K00169] [EC:1.2.7.1]
MMOS7_16100  porB; pyruvate oxidoreductase beta subunit [KO:K00170] [EC:1.2.7.1]
MMOS7_16130  porD; pyruvate oxidoreductase delta subunit [KO:K00172] [EC:1.2.7.1]
MMOS7_16120  porC; pyruvate oxidoreductase gamma subunit [KO:K00171] [EC:1.2.7.1]
MMOS7_14150  ferredoxin [KO:K00171] [EC:1.2.7.1]
MMOS7_12010  ppsA; phosphoenolpyruvate synthase [KO:K01007] [EC:2.7.9.2]
MMOS7_15460  apgM; phosphoglycerate mutase [KO:K15635] [EC:5.4.2.12]
MMOS7_01420  apgM; phosphoglycerate mutase [KO:K15635] [EC:5.4.2.12]
MMOS7_06420  putative phosphoglycerate mutase [KO:K15635] [EC:5.4.2.12]
MMOS7_17000  serA; D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase [KO:K00058] [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399]
MMOS7_05830  serB; phosphoserine phosphatase [KO:K01079] [EC:3.1.3.3]
MMOS7_08930  mtbC; putative cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase [KO:K16179]
MMOS7_03070  comA; phosphosulfolactate synthase [KO:K08097] [EC:4.4.1.19]
MMOS7_01920  comB; 2-phosphosulfolactate phosphatase [KO:K05979] [EC:3.1.3.71]
MMOS7_12420  comC; L-sulfolactate dehydrogenase [KO:K05884] [EC:1.1.1.337]
MMOS7_04260  comD; sulfopyruvate decarboxylase alpha subunit [KO:K06034] [EC:4.1.1.79]
MMOS7_18040  comE; sulfopyruvate decarboxylase subunit beta [KO:K13039] [EC:4.1.1.79]
MMOS7_00820  cofH; 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase subunit 2 [KO:K11781] [EC:2.5.1.147]
MMOS7_00830  cofH; 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase subunit 2 [KO:K11781] [EC:2.5.1.147]
MMOS7_09500  cofG; 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase subunit 1 [KO:K11780] [EC:4.3.1.32]
MMOS7_01480  hypothetical protein [KO:K14941] [EC:2.7.7.68 2.7.7.105]
MMOS7_04190  cofD; LPPG:FO 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase [KO:K11212] [EC:2.7.8.28]
MMOS7_10130  cofE; F420-0:gamma-glutamyl ligase [KO:K12234] [EC:6.3.2.31 6.3.2.34]
MMOS7_02010  cofF; gamma-F420-2:alpha-L-glutamate ligase [KO:K14940] [EC:6.3.2.32]
MMOS7_01840  cimA; (R)-citramalate synthase [KO:K10977] [EC:2.3.3.14 2.3.3.-]
MMOS7_15860  leuD; 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase large subunit [KO:K16792] [EC:4.2.1.114]
MMOS7_03940  leuD; 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase small subunit [KO:K16793] [EC:4.2.1.114]
MMOS7_09540  aksF; threo-isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] [KO:K10978] [EC:1.1.1.87 1.1.1.-]
MMOS7_01620  mfmA; L-tyrosine decarboxylase [KO:K18933] [EC:4.1.1.25 4.1.1.11]
MMOS7_06070  hypothetical protein [KO:K06914] [EC:6.3.4.24]
MMOS7_07540  hypothetical protein [KO:K09733] [EC:4.2.3.153]
MMOS7_15040  putative amino acid kinase [KO:K07144] [EC:2.7.4.31]
MMOS7_00990  hypothetical protein [KO:K07072] [EC:2.5.1.131]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00022  Pyruvate
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00036  Oxaloacetate
C00037  Glycine
C00048  Glyoxylate
C00058  Formate
C00065  L-Serine
C00067  Formaldehyde
C00074  Phosphoenolpyruvate
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00085  D-Fructose 6-phosphate
C00101  Tetrahydrofolate
C00111  Glycerone phosphate
C00118  D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C00132  Methanol
C00143  5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate
C00149  (S)-Malate
C00168  Hydroxypyruvate
C00184  Glycerone
C00197  3-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00199  D-Ribulose 5-phosphate
C00218  Methylamine
C00227  Acetyl phosphate
C00231  D-Xylulose 5-phosphate
C00237  CO
C00258  D-Glycerate
C00322  2-Oxoadipate
C00354  D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
C00483  Tyramine
C00543  Dimethylamine
C00565  Trimethylamine
C00593  Sulfoacetaldehyde
C00631  2-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00862  Methanofuran
C00876  Coenzyme F420
C01001  Formylmethanofuran
C01005  O-Phospho-L-serine
C01031  S-Formylglutathione
C01046  N-Methyl-L-glutamate
C01080  Reduced coenzyme F420
C01104  Trimethylamine N-oxide
C01217  5,6,7,8-Tetrahydromethanopterin
C01274  5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
C01438  Methane
C03232  3-Phosphonooxypyruvate
C03576  Coenzyme M
C03920  2-(Methylthio)ethanesulfonate
C04330  5,10-Methenyltetrahydromethanopterin
C04348  L-Malyl-CoA
C04377  5,10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin
C04488  5-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
C04628  Coenzyme B
C04732  5-Amino-6-(1-D-ribitylamino)uracil
C04832  Coenzyme M 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine-phosphate heterodisulfide
C05528  3-Sulfopyruvate
C06019  D-arabino-Hex-3-ulose 6-phosphate
C11536  (2R)-O-Phospho-3-sulfolactate
C11537  (2R)-3-Sulfolactate
C14180  S-(Hydroxymethyl)glutathione
C16583  (R)-(Homo)2-citrate
C16588  2-Oxopimelate
C16589  2-Oxosuberate
C16590  7-Oxoheptanoic acid
C16593  7-Mercaptoheptanoic acid
C16594  7-Mercaptoheptanoylthreonine
C16597  (-)-threo-Iso(homo)2-citrate
C16598  (R)-(Homo)3-citrate
C16600  (-)-threo-Iso(homo)3-citrate
C18799  5-Methyl-H4SPT
C18802  Tetrahydrosarcinapterin
C19151  Coenzyme F420-3
C19152  Coenzyme F420-1
C19153  Coenzyme F420-0
C19154  7,8-Didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin
C19155  (2S)-Lactyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine
C19156  (2S)-2-Phospholactate
C20581  cis-(Homo)2-aconitate
C20582  cis-(Homo)3-aconitate
C20926  gamma-Glutamyltyramine
C20954  (5-Formylfuran-3-yl)methyl phosphate
C21068  [5-(Aminomethyl)furan-3-yl]methyl phosphate
C21069  [5-(Aminomethyl)furan-3-yl]methyl diphosphate
C21070  (4-{4-[2-(gamma-L-Glutamylamino)ethyl]phenoxymethyl}furan-2-yl)methanamine
C21971  5-Amino-5-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6-(D-ribitylimino)-5,6-dihydrouracil
C22277  Dehydro coenzyme F420-0
C22297  Enolpyruvoyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine
Reference
  Authors
Graham DE, Xu H, White RH
  Title
Identification of coenzyme M biosynthetic phosphosulfolactate synthase: a new family of sulfonate-biosynthesizing enzymes.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 277:13421-9 (2002)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M201011200
Reference
  Authors
Deppenmeier U
  Title
The membrane-bound electron transport system of Methanosarcina species.
  Journal
J Bioenerg Biomembr 36:55-64 (2004)
DOI:10.1023/B:JOBB.0000019598.64642.97
Reference
  Authors
Hallam SJ, Putnam N, Preston CM, Detter JC, Rokhsar D, Richardson PM, DeLong EF
  Title
Reverse methanogenesis: testing the hypothesis with environmental genomics.
  Journal
Science 305:1457-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1126/science.1100025
Reference
  Authors
Welander PV, Metcalf WW
  Title
Loss of the mtr operon in Methanosarcina blocks growth on methanol, but not methanogenesis, and reveals an unknown methanogenic pathway.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:10664-9 (2005)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0502623102
Reference
  Authors
Yurimoto H, Kato N, Sakai Y
  Title
Assimilation, dissimilation, and detoxification of formaldehyde, a central metabolic intermediate of methylotrophic metabolism.
  Journal
Chem Rec 5:367-75 (2005)
DOI:10.1002/tcr.20056
Reference
  Authors
Fricke WF, Seedorf H, Henne A, Kruer M, Liesegang H, Hedderich R, Gottschalk G, Thauer RK.
  Title
The genome sequence of Methanosphaera stadtmanae reveals why this human intestinal archaeon is restricted to methanol and H2 for methane formation and ATP synthesis.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 188:642-58 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JB.188.2.642-658.2006
Reference
  Authors
Kato N, Yurimoto H, Thauer RK
  Title
The physiological role of the ribulose monophosphate pathway in bacteria and archaea.
  Journal
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:10-21 (2006)
DOI:10.1271/bbb.70.10
Reference
  Authors
Thauer RK, Kaster AK, Seedorf H, Buckel W, Hedderich R
  Title
Methanogenic archaea: ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 6:579-91 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1931
Reference
  Authors
Liffourrena AS, Salvano MA, Lucchesi GI
  Title
Pseudomonas putida A ATCC 12633 oxidizes trimethylamine aerobically via two different pathways.
  Journal
Arch Microbiol 192:471-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s00203-010-0577-5
Related
pathway
mmao00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
mmao00030  Pentose phosphate pathway
mmao00260  Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
mmao00300  Lysine biosynthesis
mmao00630  Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
mmao00720  Other carbon fixation pathways
mmao00740  Riboflavin metabolism
mmao00790  Folate biosynthesis
mmao00910  Nitrogen metabolism
mmao00920  Sulfur metabolism
KO pathway
ko00680   
LinkDB

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