Entry
Name
Insulin signaling pathway - Polyodon spathula (Mississippi paddlefish)
Description
Insulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K activates 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), which activates Akt, a serine kinase. Akt in turn deactivates glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), leading to activation of glycogen synthase (GYS) and thus glycogen synthesis. Activation of Akt also results in the translocation of GLUT4 vesicles from their intracellular pool to the plasma membrane, where they allow uptake of glucose into the cell. Akt also leads to mTOR-mediated activation of protein synthesis by eIF4 and p70S6K. The translocation of GLUT4 protein is also elicited through the CAP/Cbl/TC10 pathway, once Cbl is phosphorylated by INSR.
Other signal transduction proteins interact with IRS including GRB2. GRB2 is part of the cascade including SOS, RAS, RAF and MEK that leads to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogenic responses in the form of gene transcription. SHC is another substrate of INSR. When tyrosine phosphorylated, SHC associates with GRB2 and can thus activate the RAS/MAPK pathway independently of IRS-1.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Polyodon spathula (Mississippi paddlefish) [GN:
pspa ]
Gene
121300582 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
121300755 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
121326688 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
121301490 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
121317026 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
121330558 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
121326758 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform-like isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121328810 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121323116 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121329032 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121305638 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121310072 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit-like isoform X1 [KO:K06269 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
121302305 protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C-B-like isoform X1 [KO:K07189 ]
121322355 protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C-B-like isoform X1 [KO:K07189 ]
121303090 protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C-B-like isoform X1 [KO:K07189 ]
121317601 ppp1r3b; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B isoform X1 [KO:K07189 ]
121319956 ppp1r3ab; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A [KO:K07189 ]
121295798 phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform-like [KO:K07190 ]
121296549 phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta-like isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
121325656 phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta-like isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
121327905 phka2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
121318697 phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform-like isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
121300936 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04739 ]
121295532 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit-like [KO:K04739 ]
121296008 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit [KO:K04739 ]
121298225 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit-like [KO:K04739 ]
121328613 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit-like [KO:K04739 ]
121318309 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit-like isoform X1 [KO:K04739 ]
121330810 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04739 ]
121319795 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit-like [KO:K04739 ]
121306488 solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4-like isoform X1 [KO:K07191 ]
121305717 solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4-like [KO:K07191 ]
121321895 sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K06086 ]
121325201 sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06086 ]
121309747 rapgef1a; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06277 ]
121300763 sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K07197 ]
121294130 sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K07197 ]
121308970 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07200 ]
121310040 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07200 ]
121314051 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2-like isoform X1 [KO:K07200 ]
121329761 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K07202 ]
121324292 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K07202 ]
121302217 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1-like [KO:K07205 ]
121303227 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1-like [KO:K07205 ]
121306576 eif4e2rs1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 2 related sequence 1 [KO:K03259 ]
121326019 eif4e1c; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 1c isoform X1 [KO:K03259 ]
121321986 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-like isoform X1 [KO:K03259 ]
121308973 rhebl1; ras homolog, mTORC1 binding like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K07208 ]
121310102 badb; BCL2 associated agonist of cell death b isoform X1 [KO:K02158 ]
121295867 growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K04364 ]
121317878 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2B-like [KO:K15909 ] [EC:3.1.3.86 ]
Compound
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Ogawa W, Kasuga M.
Title
[Mechanism of insulin action and diabetes mellitus]
Journal
Seikagaku 75:1332-44 (2003)
Reference
Authors
Bevan P.
Title
Insulin signalling.
Journal
J Cell Sci 114:1429-30 (2001)
Reference
Authors
Kanzaki M, Pessin JE.
Title
Insulin signaling: GLUT4 vesicles exit via the exocyst.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Moodie SA, Alleman-Sposeto J, Gustafson TA.
Title
Identification of the APS protein as a novel insulin receptor substrate.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gual P, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF.
Title
Positive and negative regulation of insulin signaling through IRS-1 phosphorylation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Le Good JA, Ziegler WH, Parekh DB, Alessi DR, Cohen P, Parker PJ.
Title
Protein kinase C isotypes controlled by phosphoinositide 3-kinase through the protein kinase PDK1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Saltiel AR, Kahn CR.
Title
Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Inoki K, Corradetti MN, Guan KL.
Title
Dysregulation of the TSC-mTOR pathway in human disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ruggero D, Sonenberg N.
Title
The Akt of translational control.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nave BT, Ouwens M, Withers DJ, Alessi DR, Shepherd PR.
Title
Mammalian target of rapamycin is a direct target for protein kinase B: identification of a convergence point for opposing effects of insulin and amino-acid deficiency on protein translation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Pullen N, Dennis PB, Andjelkovic M, Dufner A, Kozma SC, Hemmings BA, Thomas G.
Title
Phosphorylation and activation of p70s6k by PDK1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ogawa W, Matozaki T, Kasuga M.
Title
Role of binding proteins to IRS-1 in insulin signalling.
Journal
Mol Cell Biochem 182:13-22 (1998)
Reference
Authors
Ceresa BP, Pessin JE.
Title
Insulin regulation of the Ras activation/inactivation cycle.
Journal
Mol Cell Biochem 182:23-9 (1998)
Reference
Authors
Pollak MN, Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE.
Title
Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, Masters S, Fu H, Gotoh Y, Greenberg ME.
Title
Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferre P, Foufelle F
Title
SREBP-1c transcription factor and lipid homeostasis: clinical perspective.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Raghow R, Yellaturu C, Deng X, Park EA, Elam MB
Title
SREBPs: the crossroads of physiological and pathological lipid homeostasis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Clement S, Krause U, Desmedt F, Tanti JF, Behrends J, Pesesse X, Sasaki T, Penninger J, Doherty M, Malaisse W, Dumont JE, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Erneux C, Hue L, Schurmans S
Title
The lipid phosphatase SHIP2 controls insulin sensitivity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Backers K, Blero D, Paternotte N, Zhang J, Erneux C
Title
The termination of PI3K signalling by SHIP1 and SHIP2 inositol 5-phosphatases.
Journal
Related pathway
pspa04070 Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
KO pathway
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