KEGG   PATHWAY: umr04911
Entry
umr04911                    Pathway                                
Name
Insulin secretion - Ursus maritimus (polar bear)
Description
Pancreatic beta cells are specialised endocrine cells that continuously sense the levels of blood sugar and other fuels and, in response, secrete insulin to maintain normal fuel homeostasis. Glucose-induced insulin secretion and its potentiation constitute the principal mechanism of insulin release. Glucose is transported by the glucose transporter (GLUT) into the pancreatic beta-cell. Metabolism of glucose generates ATP, which inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels and causes voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx. Elevation of [Ca2+]i triggers exocytotic release of insulin granules. Insulin secretion is further regulated by several hormones and neurotransmitters. Peptide hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), increase cAMP levels and thereby potentiate insulin secretion via the combined action of PKA and Epac2. Achetylcholine (ACh), a major parasympathetic neurotransmitter, binds to Gq-coupled receptors and activates phospholipase C- (PLC-), and the stimulatory effects involve activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which stimulates exocytosis. In addition, ACh mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ by activation of IP3 receptors.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
umr04911  Insulin secretion
umr04911

Other DBs
GO: 0030073
Organism
Ursus maritimus (polar bear) [GN:umr]
Gene
103656975  KCNMB4; calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-4 [KO:K04941]
103657163  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 [KO:K04945]
103657249  TRPM4; transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 [KO:K04979]
103657769  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
103658385  CCKAR; cholecystokinin receptor type A [KO:K04194]
103658779  PCLO; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein piccolo [KO:K16882]
103658932  [KO:K09047]
103658947  ADCYAP1R1; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor [KO:K04587]
103659141  KCNU1; potassium channel subfamily U member 1 [KO:K05274]
103659505  GCG; pro-glucagon [KO:K05259]
103659569  RAPGEF4; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 [KO:K04351]
103659593  ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450]
103659802  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
103660367  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
103660379  VAMP2; vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 [KO:K13504]
103661039  [KO:K05258]
103661533  RIMS2; regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 2 isoform X25 [KO:K15297]
103661704  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103661761  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X3 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103662000  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
103662005  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
103662738  ADCYAP1; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide isoform X1 [KO:K05262]
103662972  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103663281  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
103664406  PDX1; pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 [KO:K07594]
103664498  KCNMB1; calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-1 [KO:K04937]
103664598  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103665553  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
103665907  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103667087  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
103667625  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
103668027  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103668030  KCNMA1; calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04936]
103668389  KCNN3; small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04944]
103668409  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
103668547  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103668895  PRKCB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103669052  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
103669178  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
103669413  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103670156  STX1A; syntaxin-1A [KO:K04560]
103670822  SLC2A1; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K07299]
103670935  [KO:K04632]
103670936  [KO:K04632]
103671685  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103672049  [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103672113  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103672393  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
103672914  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103672931  [KO:K08424]
103673552  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103673916  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103674425  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103674426  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103674434  SNAP25; synaptosomal-associated protein 25 isoform X1 [KO:K18211]
103674675  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103674683  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103674684  GCK; hexokinase-4 isoform X1 [KO:K12407] [EC:2.7.1.2]
103674739  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
103674944  RAB3A; ras-related protein Rab-3A [KO:K07882]
103675165  KCNN1; small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04942]
103675618  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103675706  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
103676126  KCNMB3; calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-3 [KO:K04939]
103676128  KCNMB2; calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2 [KO:K04938]
103676147  SLC2A2; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07593]
103676372  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
103678432  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
103678826  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103679250  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103679331  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X2 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103679394  KCNJ11; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 [KO:K05004]
103679402  ABCC8; ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8 isoform X1 [KO:K05032]
103679549  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103679964  KCNN2; small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2 [KO:K04943]
103680185  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103680217  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 [KO:K01540]
103680340  CCK; cholecystokinin [KO:K05226]
103680883  GLP1R; glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor [KO:K04581]
103681679  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
103681813  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
103682183  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103682282  ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049]
103682500  FFAR1; free fatty acid receptor 1 [KO:K04325]
121099746  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121099769  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
Compound
C00002  ATP
C00022  Pyruvate
C00031  D-Glucose
C00076  Calcium cation
C00092  D-Glucose 6-phosphate
C00162  Fatty acid
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
Reference
PMID:20551594
  Authors
Seino S, Shibasaki T, Minami K
  Title
Pancreatic beta-cell signaling: toward better understanding of diabetes and its treatment.
  Journal
Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 86:563-77 (2010)
DOI:10.2183/pjab.86.563
Reference
PMID:20225132
  Authors
Jitrapakdee S, Wutthisathapornchai A, Wallace JC, MacDonald MJ
  Title
Regulation of insulin secretion: role of mitochondrial signalling.
  Journal
Diabetologia 53:1019-32 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s00125-010-1685-0
Reference
PMID:22974438
  Authors
Rorsman P, Braun M
  Title
Regulation of insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 75:155-79 (2013)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183754
Reference
PMID:9715374
  Authors
Jones PM, Persaud SJ
  Title
Protein kinases, protein phosphorylation, and the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.
  Journal
Endocr Rev 19:429-61 (1998)
DOI:10.1210/edrv.19.4.0339
Reference
PMID:21934040
  Authors
MacDonald PE
  Title
Signal integration at the level of ion channel and exocytotic function in pancreatic beta-cells.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301:E1065-9 (2011)
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00426.2011
Reference
PMID:9914469
  Authors
Lang J
  Title
Molecular mechanisms and regulation of insulin exocytosis as a paradigm of endocrine secretion.
  Journal
Eur J Biochem 259:3-17 (1999)
DOI:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00043.x
Reference
PMID:10605628
  Authors
Kieffer TJ, Habener JF
  Title
The glucagon-like peptides.
  Journal
Endocr Rev 20:876-913 (1999)
DOI:10.1210/edrv.20.6.0385
Reference
PMID:19036624
  Authors
Girard J
  Title
The incretins: from the concept to their use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Part A: incretins: concept and physiological functions.
  Journal
Diabetes Metab 34:550-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.diabet.2008.09.001
Reference
PMID:15655710
  Authors
Holz GG
  Title
New insights concerning the glucose-dependent insulin secretagogue action of glucagon-like peptide-1 in pancreatic beta-cells.
  Journal
Horm Metab Res 36:787-94 (2004)
DOI:10.1055/s-2004-826165
Reference
PMID:15271645
  Authors
Holst JJ, Gromada J
  Title
Role of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humans.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287:E199-206 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00545.2003
Reference
PMID:17306374
  Authors
Doyle ME, Egan JM
  Title
Mechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the pancreas.
  Journal
Pharmacol Ther 113:546-93 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.11.007
Reference
PMID:19074620
  Authors
Kim W, Egan JM
  Title
The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetes treatment.
  Journal
Pharmacol Rev 60:470-512 (2008)
DOI:10.1124/pr.108.000604
Reference
PMID:19817800
  Authors
Seino S, Takahashi H, Fujimoto W, Shibasaki T
  Title
Roles of cAMP signalling in insulin granule exocytosis.
  Journal
Diabetes Obes Metab 11 Suppl 4:180-8 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01108.x
Reference
PMID:22970724
  Authors
Tengholm A
  Title
Cyclic AMP dynamics in the pancreatic beta-cell.
  Journal
Ups J Med Sci 117:355-69 (2012)
DOI:10.3109/03009734.2012.724732
Reference
PMID:14693691
  Authors
Holz GG
  Title
Epac: A new cAMP-binding protein in support of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-mediated signal transduction in the pancreatic beta-cell.
  Journal
Diabetes 53:5-13 (2004)
DOI:10.2337/diabetes.53.1.5
Reference
PMID:20055708
  Authors
Gloerich M, Bos JL
  Title
Epac: defining a new mechanism for cAMP action.
  Journal
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50:355-75 (2010)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105714
Reference
PMID:17084085
  Authors
Bos JL
  Title
Epac proteins: multi-purpose cAMP targets.
  Journal
Trends Biochem Sci 31:680-6 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.10.002
Reference
PMID:11522660
  Authors
Filipsson K, Kvist-Reimer M, Ahren B
  Title
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and islet function.
  Journal
Diabetes 50:1959-69 (2001)
DOI:10.2337/diabetes.50.9.1959
Reference
PMID:19817784
  Authors
Kebede MA, Alquier T, Latour MG, Poitout V
  Title
Lipid receptors and islet function: therapeutic implications?
  Journal
Diabetes Obes Metab 11 Suppl 4:10-20 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01114.x
Reference
PMID:19660440
  Authors
Morgan NG, Dhayal S
  Title
G-protein coupled receptors mediating long chain fatty acid signalling in the pancreatic beta-cell.
  Journal
Biochem Pharmacol 78:1419-27 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.020
Related
pathway
umr00020  Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
umr04020  Calcium signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04911   

DBGET integrated database retrieval system