Entry Name Glutamatergic synapse - Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey)
Description Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic cleft, glutamate acts on postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate can also act on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and exert a variety of modulatory effects through their coupling to G proteins and the subsequent recruitment of second messenger systems. Presynaptically localized Group II and Group III mGluRs are thought to represent the classical inhibitory autoreceptor mechanism that suppresses excess glutamate release. After its action on these receptors, glutamate can be removed from the synaptic cleft by EAATs located either on the presynaptic terminal, neighboring glial cells, or the postsynaptic neuron. In glia, glutamate is converted to glutamine, which is then transported back to the presynaptic terminal and converted back to glutamate.
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) [GN:
mcc ]
Gene 100169972 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
100424606 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
100429880 GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform X1 [KO:K05209 ]
100430318 SHANK3; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 [KO:K15009 ]
114673968 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
114673987 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04544 ]
574344 GRIA2; glutamate receptor 2 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05198 ]
574349 SLC17A7; vesicular glutamate transporter 1 [KO:K12302 ]
574358 SLC1A2; excitatory amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K05613 ]
574380 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
574394 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
693493 HOMER2; homer protein homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15010 ]
693924 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
694049 DLGAP1; disks large-associated protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K15008 ]
694947 SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612 ]
695441 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539 ]
695508 SLC17A8; vesicular glutamate transporter 3 [KO:K12302 ]
695660 GRIK2; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05202 ]
696473 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
698571 GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B isoform X1 [KO:K05210 ]
698736 GRM1; metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 precursor [KO:K04603 ]
698840 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
699216 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
699310 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
700214 GRM2; metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 precursor [KO:K04605 ]
700606 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
700724 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
701109 SLC1A3; excitatory amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K05614 ]
701951 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
702135 SLC38A1; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K14990 ]
702253 SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14207 ]
702731 GRM7; metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 isoform X2 [KO:K04609 ]
703399 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
703669 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
703671 SLC38A3; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K13576 ]
703780 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
705445 GRM5; metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04604 ]
705680 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
705699 GRIK1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 [KO:K05201 ]
706383 GRIK4; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05204 ]
706629 GRIK5; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5 isoform X1 [KO:K05205 ]
706645 GRM3; metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04606 ]
706955 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X7 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
708192 SHANK2; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 [KO:K15009 ]
708193 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
708233 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
708714 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
708940 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
709489 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
709773 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
710000 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
710548 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
711335 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
713339 GRM6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 [KO:K04608 ]
713545 GRIK3; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3 [KO:K05203 ]
713913 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
714080 SLC1A7; excitatory amino acid transporter 5 isoform X2 [KO:K05618 ]
714334 TRPC1; short transient receptor potential channel 1 [KO:K04964 ]
716892 GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A [KO:K05213 ]
717136 LZTS3; leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K26472 ]
717764 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
717945 GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212 ]
718040 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
718223 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
718291 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X5 [KO:K04344 ]
718387 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718418 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718489 GRM4; metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04607 ]
718632 PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345 ] [EC:2.7.11.11 ]
719023 SLC1A6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05617 ]
719248 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
719673 SHANK1; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K15009 ]
721155 GRIN3B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214 ]
721721 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X13 [KO:K04850 ]
722398 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Niswender CM, Conn PJ
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Ferraguti F, Crepaldi L, Nicoletti F
Title Metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: current concepts and perspectives.
Journal Reference Authors Hermans E, Challiss RA
Title Structural, signalling and regulatory properties of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: prototypic family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
Journal Reference Authors Meador-Woodruff JH, Clinton SM, Beneyto M, McCullumsmith RE
Title Molecular abnormalities of the glutamate synapse in the thalamus in schizophrenia.
Journal Reference Authors Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK
Title Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Gass JT, Olive MF
Title Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism.
Journal Reference Authors Palmada M, Centelles JJ
Title Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain.
Journal Reference Authors Schoepp DD
Title Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
Journal J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:12-20 (2001)
Reference Authors de Jong AP, Verhage M
Title Presynaptic signal transduction pathways that modulate synaptic transmission.
Journal Reference Authors Pinheiro PS, Mulle C
Title Presynaptic glutamate receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of action.
Journal Reference Authors Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Faden AI
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for multipotential treatment of neurological disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Conti F, Weinberg RJ
Title Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses.
Journal Reference Authors Sheng M, Kim MJ
Title Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms.
Journal Related KO pathway
