Entry
Name
Calcium signaling pathway - Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey)
Description
Ca2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this external source of signal Ca2+ by activating various entry channels with widely different properties. The voltage-operated channels (VOCs) are found in excitable cells and generate the rapid Ca2+ fluxes that control fast cellular processes. There are many other Ca2+-entry channels, such as the receptor-operated channels (ROCs), for example the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) that respond to glutamate. There also are second-messenger-operated channels (SMOCs) and store-operated channels (SOCs).
The other principal source of Ca2+ for signalling is the internal stores that are located primarily in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), in which inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RYRs) regulate the release of Ca2+. The principal activator of these channels is Ca2+ itself and this process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is central to the mechanism of Ca2+ signalling. Various second messengers or modulators also control the release of Ca2+. IP3, which is generated by pathways using different isoforms of phospholipase C (PLCbeta, delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta), regulates the IP3Rs. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ via RYRs. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) may activate a distinct Ca2+ release mechanism on separate acidic Ca2+ stores. Ca2+ release via the NAADP-sensitive mechanism may also feedback onto either RYRs or IP3Rs. cADPR and NAADP are generated by CD38. This enzyme might be sensitive to the cellular metabolism, as ATP and NADH inhibit it.
The influx of Ca2+ from the environment or release from internal stores causes a very rapid and dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which has been widely exploited for signal transduction. Some proteins, such as troponin C (TnC) involved in muscle contraction, directly bind to and sense Ca2+. However, in other cases Ca2+ is sensed through intermediate calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CALM).
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Other DBs
Organism
Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) [GN:
mcc ]
Gene
100423096 PHKG2; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, liver/testis isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00871 ] [EC:2.7.11.19 ]
100429880 GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform X1 [KO:K05209 ]
114673806 GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04633 ]
574193 SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 precursor [KO:K05849 ]
574209 VEGFA; vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05448 ]
574230 CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 precursor [KO:K04809 ]
574330 CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133 ]
574345 FGF7; fibroblast growth factor 7 precursor [KO:K04358 ]
574362 CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129 ]
574380 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
613031 TGFA; protransforming growth factor alpha isoform X2 [KO:K08774 ]
613251 PTGER1; prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype [KO:K04258 ]
693753 CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183 ]
693924 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
693937 PDE1C; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
694376 PHKA2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
694980 STIM2; stromal interaction molecule 2 isoform X1 [KO:K18196 ]
695106 ADRA1B; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor isoform X2 [KO:K04136 ]
695896 FGF5; fibroblast growth factor 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04358 ]
696317 HTR7; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04163 ]
696860 PLCD1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
697047 TNNC1; troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles [KO:K05865 ]
697069 PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
697329 EDNRB; endothelin receptor type B isoform X2 [KO:K04198 ]
698089 NFATC1; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04446 ]
698511 TRHR; thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor [KO:K04282 ]
698571 GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B isoform X1 [KO:K05210 ]
698619 EGF; pro-epidermal growth factor isoform X2 [KO:K04357 ]
698736 GRM1; metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 precursor [KO:K04603 ]
699216 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
699502 VEGFC; vascular endothelial growth factor C precursor [KO:K05449 ]
699569 PLCD4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
699764 PHKA1; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform [KO:K07190 ]
700190 ORAI1; calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 [KO:K16056 ]
701584 FGF10; fibroblast growth factor 10 precursor [KO:K04358 ]
701758 PLCE1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05860 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
701951 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
702390 NFATC3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform X2 [KO:K17333 ]
702504 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X2 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
702727 FGF22; fibroblast growth factor 22 precursor [KO:K04358 ]
703091 PHKG1; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle/heart isoform [KO:K00871 ] [EC:2.7.11.19 ]
703173 PDGFB; platelet-derived growth factor subunit B [KO:K17386 ]
703293 PLCZ1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase zeta-1 isoform X2 [KO:K05861 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
703398 PTGER3; prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype isoform X2 [KO:K04260 ]
703514 CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K02183 ]
703669 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
704257 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
704310 PDGFD; platelet-derived growth factor D isoform X2 [KO:K05450 ]
705116 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
705360 C5H4orf3; uncharacterized protein C4orf3 homolog [KO:K26467 ]
705445 GRM5; metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04604 ]
705448 GNA14; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 [KO:K04636 ]
705450 CYSLTR2; cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 isoform X2 [KO:K04323 ]
705555 PDE1A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
705680 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
705811 MST1; hepatocyte growth factor-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K23441 ]
705920 PDE1B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
705980 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
706230 CACNA1G; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
706345 GDNF; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor isoform X1 [KO:K05452 ]
706659 FGF17; fibroblast growth factor 17 precursor [KO:K04358 ]
706663 CYSLTR1; cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 [KO:K04322 ]
706955 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X7 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
706977 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X11 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
707725 PDGFA; platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform X1 [KO:K04359 ]
707768 ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform X3 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
707865 ADORA2A; adenosine receptor A2a isoform X1 [KO:K04266 ]
708058 ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
708141 HTR2C; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C isoform X1 [KO:K04157 ]
708146 CACNA1I; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I isoform X1 [KO:K04856 ]
708233 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
708334 MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K20858 ]
708706 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
708714 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
708901 CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131 ]
708918 FGF3; fibroblast growth factor 3 precursor [KO:K04358 ]
709391 TPCN2; two pore calcium channel protein 2 isoform X3 [KO:K14077 ]
709773 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
710045 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
710046 HTR4; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04160 ]
710540 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
710601 NFATC2; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17332 ]
710643 FGF23; fibroblast growth factor 23 precursor [KO:K22428 ]
710702 ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform X3 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
711808 HTR2B; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B isoform X1 [KO:K04157 ]
712654 VEGFD; vascular endothelial growth factor D [KO:K05449 ]
712773 AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor isoform X2 [KO:K04166 ]
712939 CCKBR; gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor [KO:K04195 ]
712964 TPCN1; two pore calcium channel protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16896 ]
713061 SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X2 [KO:K05849 ]
714173 PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
714780 CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130 ]
714785 NFATC4; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 4 isoform X2 [KO:K17334 ]
715787 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
715924 PLCD3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
715999 LHCGR; lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04248 ]
716390 PHKB; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K07190 ]
716788 PTAFR; platelet-activating factor receptor [KO:K04279 ]
716892 GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A [KO:K05213 ]
717764 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
717945 GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212 ]
717963 STIM1; stromal interaction molecule 1 precursor [KO:K16059 ]
718040 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
718092 CACNA1E; voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E isoform X1 [KO:K04852 ]
718243 SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849 ]
718291 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X5 [KO:K04344 ]
718387 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718418 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718632 PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345 ] [EC:2.7.11.11 ]
718647 HRC; sarcoplasmic reticulum histidine-rich calcium-binding protein isoform X1 [KO:K23450 ]
721155 GRIN3B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214 ]
721452 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
721649 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
721669 GNA15; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 [KO:K04637 ]
721721 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X13 [KO:K04850 ]
722115 VEGFB; vascular endothelial growth factor B isoform X2 [KO:K16858 ]
722407 CACNA1H; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H isoform X1 [KO:K04855 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C06124 Sphingosine 1-phosphate
C11556 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
C13051 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL.
Title
Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD.
Title
The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang MC, Dolphin A, Kitmitto A.
Title
L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: understanding function through structure.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferrier GR, Howlett SE.
Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling: role of membrane potential in regulation of contraction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Keef KD, Hume JR, Zhong J.
Title
Regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle Ca(2+) channels (Ca(V)1.2a,b) by protein kinases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hell JW, Appleyard SM, Yokoyama CT, Warner C, Catterall WA.
Title
Differential phosphorylation of two size forms of the N-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit which have different COOH termini.
Journal
J Biol Chem 269:7390-6 (1994)
Reference
Authors
Yunker AM.
Title
Modulation and pharmacology of low voltage-activated ("T-Type") calcium channels.
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Title
Calcineurin regulation of synaptic function: from ion channels to transmitter release and gene transcription.
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Title
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Title
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Title
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Title
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Title
Structures and activities of cyclic ADP-ribose, NAADP and their metabolic enzymes.
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Title
Mitochondrial intermembrane junctional complexes and their role in cell death.
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Title
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signalling in neurons.
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Title
Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) acts upstream of PKCtheta to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.
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Title
Regulation of Cdc2/cyclin B activation in Xenopus egg extracts via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc25C phosphatase by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein [corrected] kinase II.
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Reference
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Title
Sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingosine kinase and autocrine calcium signalling in thyroid cells.
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Reference
Authors
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Title
Immunodeficiency due to defects in store-operated calcium entry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
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Title
STIM1/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry: the tip of the iceberg.
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Reference
Authors
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Title
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Journal
Seikagaku 80:1123-8 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Galione A, Evans AM, Ma J, Parrington J, Arredouani A, Cheng X, Zhu MX
Title
The acid test: the discovery of two-pore channels (TPCs) as NAADP-gated endolysosomal Ca(2+) release channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
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Title
Ca(2+) signaling in striated muscle: the elusive roles of triadin, junctin, and calsequestrin.
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Reference
Authors
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Title
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Journal
Reference
Authors
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Title
Histidine-rich calcium binding protein: the new regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling.
Journal
Related pathway
mcc04070 Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
KO pathway