KEGG   PATHWAY: gvr04613
Entry
gvr04613                    Pathway                                
Name
Neutrophil extracellular trap formation - Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur)
Description
Neutrophils play a central role in innate immune defense. One of the mechanisms of neutrophil action is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), the extracellular structures composed of chromatin coated with histones, proteases and granular and cytosolic proteins that help catch and kill microorganisms. NETs are formed by a process known as "NETosis" that can be triggered by microorganisms and endogenous stimuli, such as damage-associated molecular patterns and immune complexes, and involves activation in most cases of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent study has reported that there are two different mechanisms of NETosis, including a lytic NETosis and a vital NETosis. Lytic NETosis begins with nuclear delobulation and the disassembly of the nuclear envelope and continues with loss of cellular polarization, chromatin decondensation and plasma membrane rupture. Vital NETosis can occur independently of cell death and involves the secreted expulsion of nuclear chromatin that is accompanied by the release of granule proteins through degranulation.
Class
Organismal Systems; Immune system
Pathway map
gvr04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
gvr04613

Organism
Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur) [GN:gvr]
Gene
103581715  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-like [KO:K06463]
103585244  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103599396  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
103590618  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103596129  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103600170  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103592192  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103600324  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103593579  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
103588950  NCF1; neutrophil cytosol factor 1 [KO:K08011]
103585024  cytochrome b-245 light chain [KO:K08009]
103586642  NCF2; neutrophil cytosol factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08010]
103606044  NCF4; neutrophil cytosol factor 4 [KO:K08012]
103594082  RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [KO:K04392]
103606391  RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 [KO:K07860]
103589376  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
103589386  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
103607669  ELANE; neutrophil elastase [KO:K01327] [EC:3.4.21.37]
103589313  MPO; myeloperoxidase [KO:K10789] [EC:1.11.2.2]
103593038  actin, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
103587384  ACTG1; actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
103592400  VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862]
103605434  VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
103589264  voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041]
103602232  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
103589291  SLC25A5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
103597742  SLC25A31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 [KO:K05863]
103586826  SLC25A6; ADP/ATP translocase 3 [KO:K05863]
103607906  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
103606510  PADI4; protein-arginine deiminase type-4 [KO:K24669] [EC:3.5.3.15]
103609769  uncharacterized protein LOC103609769 [KO:K06856]
103583500  putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing-like protein IGHV4OR15-8 [KO:K06856]
103606671  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC103606671 [KO:K06856]
103607357  uncharacterized protein LOC103607357 [KO:K06856]
103606901  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I-like [KO:K06498]
103582477  FCGR2A; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a [KO:K06472]
103610124  ITGAM; integrin alpha-M [KO:K06461]
103599334  ITGB2; integrin beta-2 [KO:K06464]
103609616  ITGAL; integrin alpha-L isoform X1 [KO:K05718]
103594797  CLEC7A; C-type lectin domain family 7 member A isoform X1 [KO:K10074]
103592660  SRC; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src isoform X1 [KO:K05704] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103588545  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103596484  PLCB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103591300  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103586228  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103606378  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103606318  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103591521  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103599847  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103592574  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103583388  protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103599669  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103601178  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]
103599541  FPR1; fMet-Leu-Phe receptor [KO:K04172]
103599540  N-formyl peptide receptor 2-like [KO:K04173]
103586572  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103586784  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103587883  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103585463  PIK3R3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
103593683  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
103608454  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
103596384  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103590279  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103598325  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103605698  RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase-like [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103601062  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103597025  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit [KO:K02580]
103595334  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
103599528  C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]
103596051  complement receptor type 1-like [KO:K04011]
103591011  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
103609598  C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1-like [KO:K04010]
103583189  C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1-like [KO:K04010]
103596164  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
103583728  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: high mobility group protein B1-like [KO:K10802]
103602848  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
103607428  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103607442  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103587477  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103587478  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103606240  ITGA2B; integrin alpha-IIb [KO:K06476]
103603628  ITGB3; integrin beta-3 [KO:K06493]
103592061  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
103592060  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
103592062  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
103588421  GP1BA; platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain [KO:K06261]
103600077  VWF; von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
103588174  SELPLG; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 [KO:K06544]
103603632  AGER; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor [KO:K19722]
103583660  advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform X1 [KO:K19722]
103595948  caspase-4-like [KO:K04394] [EC:3.4.22.57 3.4.22.64]
103595946  CASP1; caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
103599002  GSDMD; gasdermin-D [KO:K20917]
103593573  HAT1; histone acetyltransferase type B catalytic subunit [KO:K11303] [EC:2.3.1.48]
103601187  histone H2A type 2-A [KO:K11251]
103601190  histone H2A type 2-C [KO:K11251]
103601191  histone H2A type 2-B [KO:K11251]
103608997  histone H2A type 3 [KO:K11251]
103608998  histone H2A type 4-like [KO:K11251]
103594661  histone H2AX [KO:K11251]
103609614  core histone macro-H2A.2 [KO:K11251]
103602027  histone H2A-Bbd type 1-like [KO:K11251]
103602435  histone H2A type 1-like [KO:K11251]
103581531  histone H2A-Bbd type 2/3-like [KO:K11251]
103581649  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
103581978  core histone macro-H2A.1 [KO:K11251]
103603138  histone H2A type 1-C [KO:K11251]
103603151  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
103603154  histone H2A type 1-D-like [KO:K11251]
103589736  histone H2A.V [KO:K11251]
103589818  histone H2A type 1-A-like [KO:K11251]
103598018  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
103598022  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
103598378  histone H2A.J [KO:K11251]
103586550  histone H2A type 1-E [KO:K11251]
103586557  histone H2A type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K11251]
103600697  histone H2A.Z [KO:K11251]
103601004  core histone macro-H2A.1 isoform X1 [KO:K11251]
103598030  histone H2A-beta, sperm-like [KO:K11251]
103601186  histone H2B type 2-E [KO:K11252]
103601189  histone H2B type 2-E-like [KO:K11252]
103609000  histone H2B type 3-B-like [KO:K11252]
103610633  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
103581530  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
103581650  histone H2B type 1-N-like [KO:K11252]
103603136  histone H2B type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K11252]
103603140  histone H2B type 1-M [KO:K11252]
103603152  histone H2B type 1-B [KO:K11252]
103603157  histone H2B type 1-N-like [KO:K11252]
103589819  histone H2B type 1-A [KO:K11252]
103589820  histone H2B type 1-A-like [KO:K11252]
103583878  histone H2B type 3-B [KO:K11252]
103585117  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
103590960  histone H2B subacrosomal variant-like [KO:K11252]
103597801  histone H2B type 1-H-like [KO:K11252]
103598020  histone H2B type 1-N-like isoform X1 [KO:K11252]
103598028  histone H2B type 1-K-like [KO:K11252]
103598029  histone H2B type 1-M-like [KO:K11252]
103586547  histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
103586549  histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
103586552  histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
103586554  histone H2B type 1-K [KO:K11252]
103588192  histone H3.3C-like [KO:K11253]
103581652  histone H3.1-like [KO:K11253]
103603147  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
103603150  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
103603158  histone H3.1-like [KO:K11253]
103596996  H3F3A; histone H3.3 [KO:K11253]
103584250  histone H3.3C-like [KO:K11253]
103584785  histone H3.3-like [KO:K11253]
103585184  H3F3B; histone H3.3 [KO:K11253]
103598025  uncharacterized protein LOC103598025 [KO:K11253]
103598026  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
103598027  histone H3.1-like [KO:K11253]
103606342  histone H3.3-like [KO:K11253]
103586548  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
103586556  histone H3.1-like [KO:K11253]
103601188  histone H3 [KO:K11253]
103594928  HDAC1; histone deacetylase 1 [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103604993  HDAC2; histone deacetylase 2 [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103587895  HDAC3; histone deacetylase 3 [KO:K11404] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103591659  HDAC4; histone deacetylase 4 [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103591838  HDAC5; histone deacetylase 5 isoform X1 [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103589447  HDAC6; histone deacetylase 6 isoform X1 [KO:K11407] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103595445  HDAC7; histone deacetylase 7 [KO:K11408] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103596278  HDAC8; histone deacetylase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K11405] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103587480  HDAC10; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone deacetylase 10 [KO:K18671] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103590676  HDAC11; histone deacetylase 11 [KO:K11418] [EC:3.5.1.98]
103582428  azurocidin-like [KO:K24665]
103582867  azurocidin-like [KO:K24665]
103607672  AZU1; azurocidin [KO:K24665]
103591213  CTSG; cathepsin G [KO:K01319] [EC:3.4.21.20]
103591601  CAMP; cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide [KO:K13916]
103582403  uncharacterized protein LOC103582403 [KO:K05012]
103599596  CLCN3; H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05012]
103593193  CLCN5; H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 5 isoform X1 [KO:K05012]
103597363  AQP9; aquaporin-9 [KO:K09877]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00039  DNA
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00338  Lipopolysaccharide
C00464  Mannan
C00518  Hyaluronate
C00551  beta-D-Glucan
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05151  12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C11221  Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester
Reference
PMID:29543328
  Authors
Van Avondt K, Hartl D
  Title
Mechanisms and disease relevance of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
  Journal
Eur J Clin Invest 48 Suppl 2:e12919 (2018)
DOI:10.1111/eci.12919
Reference
PMID:31518165
  Authors
Sorvillo N, Cherpokova D, Martinod K, Wagner DD
  Title
Extracellular DNA NET-Works With Dire Consequences for Health.
  Journal
Circ Res 125:470-488 (2019)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314581
Reference
PMID:28990587
  Authors
Papayannopoulos V
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 18:134-147 (2018)
DOI:10.1038/nri.2017.105
Reference
PMID:24837201
  Authors
Liu FC, Chuang YH, Tsai YF, Yu HP
  Title
Role of neutrophil extracellular traps following injury.
  Journal
Shock 41:491-8 (2014)
DOI:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000146
Reference
PMID:27570525
  Authors
Yang H, Biermann MH, Brauner JM, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Herrmann M
  Title
New Insights into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Mechanisms of Formation and Role in Inflammation.
  Journal
Front Immunol 7:302 (2016)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00302
Reference
PMID:28983472
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Bochenska O, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Seweryn-Ozog K, Aoki W, Ueda M, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
Aspartic Proteases and Major Cell Wall Components in Candida albicans Trigger the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.
  Journal
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:414 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00414
Reference
PMID:29382950
  Authors
Honda M, Kubes P
  Title
Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in the liver and gastrointestinal system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:206-221 (2018)
DOI:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.183
Reference
PMID:31416265
  Authors
Hamam HJ, Palaniyar N
  Title
Post-Translational Modifications in NETosis and NETs-Mediated Diseases.
  Journal
Biomolecules 9:E369 (2019)
DOI:10.3390/biom9080369
Reference
PMID:31767647
  Authors
Burgener SS, Schroder K
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Host Defense.
  Journal
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 12:a037028 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a037028
Reference
PMID:33202203
  Authors
Vorobjeva NV, Chernyak BV
  Title
NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 85:1178-1190 (2020)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297920100065
Reference
PMID:31416173
  Authors
Ravindran M, Khan MA, Palaniyar N
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Physiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology.
  Journal
Biomolecules 9:E365 (2019)
DOI:10.3390/biom9080365
Reference
PMID:28267716
  Authors
Jorch SK, Kubes P
  Title
An emerging role for neutrophil extracellular traps in noninfectious disease.
  Journal
Nat Med 23:279-287 (2017)
DOI:10.1038/nm.4294
Reference
PMID:31342866
  Authors
Goggs R, Jeffery U, LeVine DN, Li RHL
  Title
Neutrophil-Extracellular Traps, Cell-Free DNA, and Immunothrombosis in Companion Animals: A Review.
  Journal
Vet Pathol 57:6-23 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/0300985819861721
Reference
PMID:27876233
  Authors
Kim SJ, Jenne CN
  Title
Role of platelets in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production and tissue injury.
  Journal
Semin Immunol 28:546-554 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.013
Reference
PMID:29572545
  Authors
de Bont CM, Boelens WC, Pruijn GJM
  Title
NETosis, complement, and coagulation: a triangular relationship.
  Journal
Cell Mol Immunol 16:19-27 (2019)
DOI:10.1038/s41423-018-0024-0
Reference
PMID:31129510
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Bartnicka D, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
UVA and UVB radiation induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by human polymorphonuclear cells.
  Journal
J Photochem Photobiol B 196:111511 (2019)
DOI:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111511
Reference
PMID:21293492
  Authors
Remijsen Q, Kuijpers TW, Wirawan E, Lippens S, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T
  Title
Dying for a cause: NETosis, mechanisms behind an antimicrobial cell death modality.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 18:581-8 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.1
Reference
PMID:23819131
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - formation and implications.
  Journal
Acta Biochim Pol 60:277-84 (2013)
Reference
PMID:28373871
  Authors
Rosales C
  Title
Fcgamma Receptor Heterogeneity in Leukocyte Functional Responses.
  Journal
Front Immunol 8:280 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00280
Reference
PMID:25716722
  Authors
Vorobjeva NV, Pinegin BV
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps: mechanisms of formation and role in health and disease.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 79:1286-96 (2014)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297914120025
Reference
PMID:28220120
  Authors
Delgado-Rizo V, Martinez-Guzman MA, Iniguez-Gutierrez L, Garcia-Orozco A, Alvarado-Navarro A, Fafutis-Morris M
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Its Implications in Inflammation: An Overview.
  Journal
Front Immunol 8:81 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00081
Reference
PMID:30023352
  Authors
Fonseca Z, Diaz-Godinez C, Mora N, Aleman OR, Uribe-Querol E, Carrero JC, Rosales C
  Title
Entamoeba histolytica Induce Signaling via Raf/MEK/ERK for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation.
  Journal
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:226 (2018)
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00226
Reference
PMID:27923601
  Authors
Agraz-Cibrian JM, Giraldo DM, Mary FM, Urcuqui-Inchima S
  Title
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NETs and their role in antiviral innate immunity.
  Journal
Virus Res 228:124-133 (2017)
DOI:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.033
Reference
PMID:27698656
  Authors
Schonrich G, Raftery MJ
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral.
  Journal
Front Immunol 7:366 (2016)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00366
Reference
PMID:22817992
  Authors
Saitoh T, Komano J, Saitoh Y, Misawa T, Takahama M, Kozaki T, Uehata T, Iwasaki H, Omori H, Yamaoka S, Yamamoto N, Akira S
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate a host defense response to human immunodeficiency virus-1.
  Journal
Cell Host Microbe 12:109-16 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2012.05.015
Reference
PMID:29908538
  Authors
Kumar S, Gupta E, Kaushik S, Jyoti A
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Formation and Involvement in Disease Progression.
  Journal
Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 17:208-220 (2018)
Related
pathway
gvr04010  MAPK signaling pathway
gvr04020  Calcium signaling pathway
gvr04140  Autophagy - animal
gvr04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
gvr04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
gvr04611  Platelet activation
gvr04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
gvr04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
gvr04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
KO pathway
ko04613   
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