KEGG   PATHWAY: pvp04724
Entry
pvp04724                    Pathway                                
Name
Glutamatergic synapse - Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox)
Description
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic cleft, glutamate acts on postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate can also act on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and exert a variety of modulatory effects through their coupling to G proteins and the subsequent recruitment of second messenger systems. Presynaptically localized Group II and Group III mGluRs are thought to represent the classical inhibitory autoreceptor mechanism that suppresses excess glutamate release. After its action on these receptors, glutamate can be removed from the synaptic cleft by EAATs located either on the presynaptic terminal, neighboring glial cells, or the postsynaptic neuron. In glia, glutamate is converted to glutamine, which is then transported back to the presynaptic terminal and converted back to glutamate.
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
pvp04724  Glutamatergic synapse
pvp04724

Other DBs
GO: 0051966
Organism
Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox) [GN:pvp]
Gene
105297491  SLC38A1; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K14990]
105297492  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207]
105289319  GLS; glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
105302571  GLS2; glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
105293734  SLC17A6; vesicular glutamate transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K12302]
105301745  SLC17A7; vesicular glutamate transporter 1 [KO:K12302]
105310456  SLC17A8; vesicular glutamate transporter 3 isoform X2 [KO:K12302]
105290794  GRIK1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 isoform X2 [KO:K05201]
105292490  GRIK2; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05202]
105290639  GRIK3; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05203]
105307912  GRIK4; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4 [KO:K05204]
105307360  GRIK5; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5 [KO:K05205]
105289933  GRIA1; glutamate receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05197]
105292202  GRIA2; glutamate receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05198]
105304244  GRIA3; glutamate receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05199]
105297445  GRIA4; glutamate receptor 4 isoform X2 [KO:K05200]
105298564  GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208]
105290959  GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A [KO:K05209]
105302783  GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B [KO:K05210]
105293418  GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C [KO:K05211]
105304199  GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212]
105296292  GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A [KO:K05213]
105302266  GRIN3B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214]
105288852  PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
105296533  PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
105293031  PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
105296266  PPP3R2; calcineurin subunit B type 2 [KO:K06268]
105295781  PPP3R1; calcineurin subunit B type 1 [KO:K06268]
105291735  DLG4; disks large homolog 4 isoform X3 [KO:K11828]
105305248  DLGAP1; disks large-associated protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K15008]
105308289  SHANK3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 [KO:K15009]
105307427  SHANK1; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 [KO:K15009]
105307469  SHANK2; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15009]
105298402  LZTS3; leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 3 [KO:K26472]
105294972  TRPC1; short transient receptor potential channel 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04964]
105289441  GRM1; metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04603]
105294211  GRM5; metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 [KO:K04604]
105296575  HOMER3; homer protein homolog 3 [KO:K15010]
105303609  HOMER1; homer protein homolog 1 [KO:K15010]
105302889  HOMER2; homer protein homolog 2 [KO:K15010]
105302452  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
105297846  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105288781  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105298737  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105299444  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105297702  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105308818  protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105309462  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105295171  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
105294112  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
105301042  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
105288668  PLA2G4D; cytosolic phospholipase A2 delta [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
105288669  PLA2G4F; cytosolic phospholipase A2 zeta isoform X2 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
105288785  PLA2G4B; cytosolic phospholipase A2 beta [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
105288787  PLA2G4E; cytosolic phospholipase A2 epsilon [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
105295052  PLA2G4A; cytosolic phospholipase A2 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
105306010  PLD1; phospholipase D1 [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
105291755  PLD2; phospholipase D2 isoform X1 [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
105289326  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105304566  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105296083  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55-like [KO:K04632]
105308299  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105299581  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105289813  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105309400  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105288850  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105297518  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105292087  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105301250  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105303095  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105289063  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
105308501  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
105295132  GRM2; metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 [KO:K04605]
105294889  GRM3; metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04606]
105301005  GRM4; metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04607]
105300006  GRM6; metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 [KO:K04608]
105300363  GRM7; metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04609]
105297202  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
105295155  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
105295517  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
105292074  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534]
105303584  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
105299738  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
105295952  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
105307521  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
105288758  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
105309385  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
105297807  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 isoform X2 [KO:K04540]
105302718  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04541]
105289068  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
105310269  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
111744611  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544]
105307968  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
105294373  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
105307158  GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347]
105295886  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
105303281  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 isoform X4 [KO:K04547]
105294383  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548]
105307274  GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549]
105309917  GRK2; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
105301826  GRK3; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
105291464  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997]
105307194  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344]
105289976  SLC1A2; excitatory amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05613]
105298971  SLC1A7; excitatory amino acid transporter 5 isoform X1 [KO:K05618]
105303180  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
105308254  SLC1A6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 [KO:K05617]
105297298  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
105304363  CACNA1D; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851]
105307450  SLC1A3; excitatory amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05614]
105292831  GLUL; glutamine synthetase [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
105295156  SLC38A3; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K13576]
Compound
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
Reference
PMID:20055706
  Authors
Niswender CM, Conn PJ
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease.
  Journal
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50:295-322 (2010)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.011008.145533
Reference
PMID:19112153
  Authors
Ferraguti F, Crepaldi L, Nicoletti F
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: current concepts and perspectives.
  Journal
Pharmacol Rev 60:536-81 (2008)
DOI:10.1124/pr.108.000166
Reference
PMID:11672421
  Authors
Hermans E, Challiss RA
  Title
Structural, signalling and regulatory properties of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: prototypic family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
  Journal
Biochem J 359:465-84 (2001)
DOI:10.1042/bj3590465
Reference
PMID:17663464
  Authors
Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Neurosci Res 86:1-10 (2008)
DOI:10.1002/jnr.21437
Reference
PMID:14684436
  Authors
Meador-Woodruff JH, Clinton SM, Beneyto M, McCullumsmith RE
  Title
Molecular abnormalities of the glutamate synapse in the thalamus in schizophrenia.
  Journal
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003:75-93 (2003)
DOI:10.1196/annals.1300.005
Reference
PMID:18425072
  Authors
Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK
  Title
Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 7:426-37 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrd2462
Reference
PMID:17706608
  Authors
Gass JT, Olive MF
  Title
Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism.
  Journal
Biochem Pharmacol 75:218-65 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.039
Reference
PMID:9665875
  Authors
Palmada M, Centelles JJ
  Title
Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain.
  Journal
Front Biosci 3:d701-18 (1998)
DOI:10.2741/a314
Reference
PMID:11561058
  Authors
Schoepp DD
  Title
Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
  Journal
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:12-20 (2001)
Reference
PMID:19559598
  Authors
de Jong AP, Verhage M
  Title
Presynaptic signal transduction pathways that modulate synaptic transmission.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 19:245-53 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2009.06.005
Reference
PMID:18464791
  Authors
Pinheiro PS, Mulle C
  Title
Presynaptic glutamate receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of action.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 9:423-36 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrn2379
Reference
PMID:19110202
  Authors
Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Faden AI
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for multipotential treatment of neurological disorders.
  Journal
Neurotherapeutics 6:94-107 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.038
Reference
PMID:10481192
  Authors
Conti F, Weinberg RJ
  Title
Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses.
  Journal
Trends Neurosci 22:451-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01445-9
Reference
PMID:12399578
  Authors
Sheng M, Kim MJ
  Title
Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms.
  Journal
Science 298:776-80 (2002)
DOI:10.1126/science.1075333
Related
pathway
pvp00020  Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
pvp04020  Calcium signaling pathway
pvp04720  Long-term potentiation
pvp04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
pvp04730  Long-term depression
KO pathway
ko04724   
LinkDB

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