KEGG   PATHWAY: csem04270
Entry
csem04270                   Pathway                                
Name
Vascular smooth muscle contraction - Cynoglossus semilaevis (tongue sole)
Description
The vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. On contraction, VSMCs shorten, thereby decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel to regulate the blood flow and pressure.
The principal mechanisms that regulate the contractile state of VSMCs are changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c). In response to vasoconstrictor stimuli, Ca2+ is mobilized from intracellular stores and/or the extracellular space to increase [Ca2+]c in VSMCs. The increase in [Ca2+]c, in turn, activates the Ca2+-CaM-MLCK pathway and stimulates MLC20 phosphorylation, leading to myosin-actin interactions and, hence, the development of contractile force. The sensitivity of contractile myofilaments or MLC20 phosphorylation to Ca2+ can be secondarily modulated by other signaling pathways. During receptor stimulation, the contractile force is greatly enhanced by the inhibition of myosin phosphatase. Rho/Rho kinase, PKC, and arachidonic acid have been proposed to play a pivotal role in this enhancement.
The signaling events that mediate relaxation include the removal of a contractile agonist (passive relaxation) and activation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling pathways in the continued presence of a contractile agonist (active relaxation). Active relaxation occurs through the inhibition of both Ca2+ mobilization and myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in VSMCs.
Class
Organismal Systems; Circulatory system
Pathway map
csem04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
csem04270

Other DBs
GO: 0014829
Organism
Cynoglossus semilaevis (tongue sole) [GN:csem]
Gene
103389308  alpha-1A adrenergic receptor-like [KO:K04135]
103397722  alpha-1A adrenergic receptor-like [KO:K04135]
103395768  alpha-1B adrenergic receptor-like [KO:K04136]
103391200  adra1b; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04136]
103383807  adra1d; alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137]
103387045  agt; angiotensinogen [KO:K09821]
103377268  agtr1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
103393940  edn1; endothelin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K16366]
103388547  endothelin-2-like isoform X2 [KO:K16367]
103381389  endothelin-3-like [KO:K16367]
103384968  endothelin-3-like [KO:K05227]
103383352  ednra; endothelin-1 receptor [KO:K04197]
103389133  endothelin B receptor-like [KO:K04197]
103397666  vasotocin-neurophysin VT 1-like [KO:K05242]
103382543  avpr1a; vasopressin V1a receptor [KO:K04226]
103380287  arg8-vasotocin receptor-like [KO:K04226]
103397278  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634]
103390419  guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14-like isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
103390421  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634]
103398708  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
103397199  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04635]
103379958  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04635]
103383855  pla2g12a; group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103384363  group XIIB secretory phospholipase A2-like protein [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103378249  proca1; protein PROCA1 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103392636  group 10 secretory phospholipase A2-like [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103387578  pla2g12b; group XIIB secretory phospholipase A2-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103396933  phospholipase A2-like [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103389970  group 3 secretory phospholipase A2-like [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103398106  phospholipase A2-like [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103398107  phospholipase A2, minor isoenzyme [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103397705  uncharacterized protein LOC103397705 isoform X1 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103393578  pla2g4c; cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma isoform X3 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103395269  pla2g4a; cytosolic phospholipase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103383218  pla2g6; 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 isoform X2 [KO:K16343] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103381911  kcnma1; calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04936]
103386992  calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 isoform X2 [KO:K04936]
103396147  calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2-like [KO:K04938]
103398891  calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2-like isoform X1 [KO:K04938]
103396159  calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-3-like [KO:K04939]
103383091  kcnmb4; calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-4 [KO:K04941]
103382787  cacna1c; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
103384525  voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D-like isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
103385821  voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D-like [KO:K04851]
103384398  voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D-like [KO:K04853]
103385395  cacna1f; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853]
103385091  dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04857]
103386795  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K04857]
103376867  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
103378057  calm3; calmodulin [KO:K02183]
103378835  calmodulin [KO:K02183]
103380713  calmodulin [KO:K02183]
103385644  calml6; calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
103398481  calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
103386893  calm2; calmodulin [KO:K02183]
103379776  calml4; calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
103392366  mylk; myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
103381494  myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle-like [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
103396270  mylk4; myosin light chain kinase family member 4 isoform X1 [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
103393163  myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle-like [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
103385086  myosin light polypeptide 6 isoform X2 [KO:K12751]
103385965  myosin light polypeptide 6-like [KO:K12751]
103386121  myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9 [KO:K12755]
103383562  myosin-9-like isoform X1 [KO:K10352]
103383769  myosin-10-like [KO:K10352]
103384060  myh11; myosin-11 [KO:K10352]
103393402  myosin-10-like [KO:K10352]
103393680  myosin-9 isoform X1 [KO:K10352]
103381058  plcb1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103381059  plcb4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103385127  plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103387749  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103389807  plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103385989  itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
103386616  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1-like [KO:K04958]
103380150  itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
103384462  itpr3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
103383975  prkca; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103383625  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C beta type-like [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103393234  prkcb; protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103387841  protein kinase C gamma type-like isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103385936  prkcd; protein kinase C delta type [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103387794  protein kinase C epsilon type-like [KO:K18050] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103381531  prkce; protein kinase C epsilon type [KO:K18050] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103376918  prkch; protein kinase C eta type [KO:K18051] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103383100  prkcq; protein kinase C theta type isoform X1 [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103397571  serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf-like [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103397124  serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf-like isoform X1 [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103383021  braf; serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103385533  raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103380238  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103376625  map2k2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103393219  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103397828  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103379941  non-muscle caldesmon-like [KO:K12327]
103382882  non-muscle caldesmon-like isoform X1 [KO:K12327]
103380580  cald1; caldesmon [KO:K12327]
103398451  non-muscle caldesmon-like [KO:K12327]
103382302  actin, alpha skeletal muscle B-like [KO:K12313]
103394984  protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14A [KO:K12328]
103381242  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit-like [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103385808  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit-like [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103392690  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase alpha-2 isoform-like [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103397434  ppp1cc; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103397038  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit-like isoform X1 [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103381595  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase alpha-2 isoform-like [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103378868  ppp1cb; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103380280  protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12A-like isoform X3 [KO:K06270]
103382552  ppp1r12a; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12A isoform X1 [KO:K06270]
103385321  protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12B-like isoform X2 [KO:K12329]
103384367  protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12C [KO:K17457]
103383240  gna12; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-12 [KO:K04346]
103381794  guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-13-like [KO:K04639]
103393488  guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-13 [KO:K04639]
103395343  rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12-like isoform X1 [KO:K07532]
103378423  arhgef12; rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 [KO:K07532]
103388802  arhgef1; rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 isoform X6 [KO:K12330]
103385913  arhgef11; rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 isoform X3 [KO:K12331]
103385009  rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoA-B [KO:K04513]
103384870  rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoA-C [KO:K04513]
103385834  transforming protein RhoA [KO:K04513]
103386563  rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoA-D [KO:K04513]
103396393  rock1; rho-associated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04514] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103380939  rho-associated protein kinase 2-like [KO:K17388] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103383692  rho-associated protein kinase 2-like [KO:K17388] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103397442  adora2a; adenosine receptor A2a [KO:K04266]
103389390  adenosine receptor A2a-like isoform X1 [KO:K04266]
103394908  adenosine receptor A2b [KO:K04267]
103378085  ptgir; prostacyclin receptor [KO:K04263]
103379287  calcitonin gene-related peptide-like isoform X1 [KO:K12332]
103379830  calcb; calcitonin gene-related peptide 2 isoform X3 [KO:K12332]
103398399  adm; ADM [KO:K12333]
103380072  adm2; ADM2 [KO:K25343]
103384744  calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor-like isoform X1 [KO:K04577]
103389261  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor-like [KO:K04577]
103392427  calcrl; calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor [KO:K04577]
103382230  receptor activity-modifying protein 1-like [KO:K08447]
103389557  receptor activity-modifying protein 1-like [KO:K08447]
103392465  ramp1; receptor activity-modifying protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K08447]
103376926  receptor activity-modifying protein 3-like [KO:K08449]
103384508  gnas; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
103386688  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632]
103399855  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103396283  adenylate cyclase type 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103388319  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103394729  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103388741  adcy3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103384541  adenylate cyclase type 4-like [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103391879  adcy5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103384589  adenylate cyclase type 6-like isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103385410  adcy6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103398552  adenylate cyclase type 2 isoform X2 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103380838  adenylate cyclase type 8-like isoform X2 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103396830  adcy8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103384091  adenylate cyclase type 9-like [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103393051  adcy9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103392719  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103396312  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103392208  prkacb; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
107989131  natriuretic peptides A-like [KO:K12334]
103384830  brain natriuretic peptide-like [KO:K12335]
103393749  npr1; atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 [KO:K12323] [EC:4.6.1.2]
103384829  C-type natriuretic peptide 3-like [KO:K12336]
103387940  C-type natriuretic peptide 1 [KO:K12336]
103394056  nppc; C-type natriuretic peptide [KO:K12336]
103389042  atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2-like [KO:K12324] [EC:4.6.1.2]
103390085  atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2-like [KO:K12324] [EC:4.6.1.2]
103393289  atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2-like [KO:K12324] [EC:4.6.1.2]
103387682  prkg1; cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K07376] [EC:2.7.11.12]
103398426  mrvi1; protein MRVI1 [KO:K12337]
103378532  gucy1a2; guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-2 [KO:K12318] [EC:4.6.1.2]
103383661  gucy1a3; guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-3 isoform X2 [KO:K12318] [EC:4.6.1.2]
103389467  guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-2-like [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
103383673  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1-like [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00212  Adenosine
C00219  Arachidonate
C00238  Potassium cation
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00942  3',5'-Cyclic GMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01312  Prostaglandin I2
C14748  20-HETE
C14768  5,6-EET
C14769  8,9-EET
C14770  11,12-EET
C14771  14,15-EET
Reference
  Authors
Akata T
  Title
Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating vascular tone. Part 2: regulatory mechanisms modulating Ca2+ mobilization and/or myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in vascular smooth muscle cells.
  Journal
J Anesth 21:232-42 (2007)
DOI:10.1007/s00540-006-0488-4
Reference
  Authors
Ogut O, Brozovich FV
  Title
Regulation of force in vascular smooth muscle.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 35:347-55 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0022-2828(03)00045-2
Reference
  Authors
Hilgers RH, Webb RC
  Title
Molecular aspects of arterial smooth muscle contraction: focus on Rho.
  Journal
Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 230:829-35 (2005)
DOI:10.1177/153537020523001107
Reference
  Authors
Schlossmann J, Feil R, Hofmann F
  Title
Signaling through NO and cGMP-dependent protein kinases.
  Journal
Ann Med 35:21-7 (2003)
DOI:10.1080/07853890310004093
Reference
  Authors
Mehta PK, Griendling KK
  Title
Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292:C82-97 (2007)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.00287.2006
Reference
  Authors
Kim HR, Appel S, Vetterkind S, Gangopadhyay SS, Morgan KG
  Title
Smooth muscle signalling pathways in health and disease.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 12:2165-80 (2008)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00552.x
Reference
  Authors
Fukata Y, Amano M, Kaibuchi K
  Title
Rho-Rho-kinase pathway in smooth muscle contraction and cytoskeletal reorganization of non-muscle cells.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:32-9 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01596-0
Reference
  Authors
Dimopoulos GJ, Semba S, Kitazawa K, Eto M, Kitazawa T
  Title
Ca2+-dependent rapid Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in arterial smooth muscle.
  Journal
Circ Res 100:121-9 (2007)
DOI:10.1161/01.RES.0000253902.90489.df
Reference
  Authors
Hynynen MM, Khalil RA
  Title
The vascular endothelin system in hypertension--recent patents and discoveries.
  Journal
Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 1:95-108 (2006)
DOI:10.2174/157489006775244263
Reference
  Authors
Brain SD, Grant AD
  Title
Vascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:903-34 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00037.2003
Reference
  Authors
Roman RJ
  Title
P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid in the control of cardiovascular function.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 82:131-85 (2002)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00021.2001
Reference
  Authors
Surks HK
  Title
cGMP-dependent protein kinase I and smooth muscle relaxation: a tale of two isoforms.
  Journal
Circ Res 101:1078-80 (2007)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.165779
Reference
  Authors
Vanhoutte PM
  Title
Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations: the history.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 49:503-8 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2003.11.015
Reference
  Authors
Davis MJ, Hill MA
  Title
Signaling mechanisms underlying the vascular myogenic response.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 79:387-423 (1999)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.387
Reference
  Authors
Fleming I.
  Title
Cytochrome p450 and vascular homeostasis.
  Journal
Circ Res 89:753-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1161/hh2101.099268
Reference
  Authors
Carvajal JA, Germain AM, Huidobro-Toro JP, Weiner CP
  Title
Molecular mechanism of cGMP-mediated smooth muscle relaxation.
  Journal
Reference
  Authors
Ko EA, Han J, Jung ID, Park WS
  Title
Physiological roles of K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells.
  Journal
J Smooth Muscle Res 44:65-81 (2008)
DOI:10.1540/jsmr.44.65
Reference
  Authors
Woodard GE, Rosado JA
  Title
Natriuretic peptides in vascular physiology and pathology.
  Journal
Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 268:59-93 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/S1937-6448(08)00803-4
Reference
  Authors
Berry C, Touyz R, Dominiczak AF, Webb RC, Johns DG
  Title
Angiotensin receptors: signaling, vascular pathophysiology, and interactions with ceramide.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281:H2337-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.6.H2337
Reference
  Authors
Hirano K, Hirano M, Kanaide H
  Title
Regulation of myosin phosphorylation and myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in vascular smooth muscle.
  Journal
J Smooth Muscle Res 40:219-36 (2004)
DOI:10.1540/jsmr.40.219
Reference
PMID:9458738
  Authors
Freeman EJ, Ruehr ML, Dorman RV
  Title
ANG II-induced translocation of cytosolic PLA2 to the nucleus in vascular smooth muscle cells.
  Journal
Am J Physiol 274:C282-8 (1998)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.1.C282
Reference
  Authors
Murphy TV, Spurrell BE, Hill MA
  Title
Cellular signalling in arteriolar myogenic constriction: involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation pathways.
  Journal
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 29:612-9 (2002)
DOI:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03698.x
Related
pathway
csem00590  Arachidonic acid metabolism
csem04020  Calcium signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04270   
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