Entry Name Breast cancer - Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur)
Description Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The vast majority of breast cancers are carcinomas that originate from cells lining the milk-forming ducts of the mammary gland. The molecular subtypes of breast cancer, which are based on the presence or absence of hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone subtypes) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), include: hormone receptor positive and HER2 negative (luminal A subtype), hormone receptor positive and HER2 positive (luminal B subtype), hormone receptor negative and HER2 positive (HER2 positive), and hormone receptor negative and HER2 negative (basal-like or triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs)). Hormone receptor positive breast cancers are largely driven by the estrogen/ER pathway. In HER2 positive breast tumours, HER2 activates the PI3K/AKT and the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathways, and stimulate cell growth, survival and differentiation. In patients suffering from TNBC, the deregulation of various signalling pathways (Notch and Wnt/beta-catenin), EGFR protein have been confirmed. In the case of breast cancer only 8% of all cancers are hereditary, a phenomenon linked to genetic changes in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Somatic mutations in only three genes (TP53, PIK3CA and GATA3) occurred at >10% incidence across all breast cancers.
Class Human Diseases; Cancer: specific typesBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Disease Organism Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur) [GN:
gvr ]
Gene 103585001 HEYL; hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif-like protein [KO:K09091 ]
103585463 PIK3R3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
103586572 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
103586784 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
103587883 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
103588008 LRP5; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 [KO:K03068 ]
103588100 NFKB2; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04469 ]
103588373 GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402 ]
103590327 HEY2; hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 2 [KO:K09091 ]
103591440 DVL2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 [KO:K02353 ]
103592005 GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402 ]
103593683 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
103593898 DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
103594136 LRP6; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 [KO:K03068 ]
103594862 DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 [KO:K02353 ]
103597016 GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402 ]
103600050 HEY1; hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09091 ]
103603629 NOTCH4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4 [KO:K20996 ]
103608454 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
103608964 TNFSF11; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 [KO:K05473 ]
Compound C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Zhang MH, Man HT, Zhao XD, Dong N, Ma SL
Title Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer molecular signatures and therapeutic potentials (Review).
Journal Reference Authors Dai X, Xiang L, Li T, Bai Z
Title Cancer Hallmarks, Biomarkers and Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes.
Journal Reference Authors Schnitt SJ
Title Classification and prognosis of invasive breast cancer: from morphology to molecular taxonomy.
Journal Reference Authors Title Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours.
Journal Reference Authors Eroles P, Bosch A, Perez-Fidalgo JA, Lluch A
Title Molecular biology in breast cancer: intrinsic subtypes and signaling pathways.
Journal Reference Authors Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou KA, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG.
Title Targeting androgen/estrogen receptors crosstalk in cancer
Journal Reference Authors Sharp A, Harper-Wynne C.
Title Treatment of advanced breast cancer (ABC): the expanding landscape of targeted therapies
Journal J Cancer Biol Res 2:1036 (2014)
Reference Authors Byler S, Goldgar S, Heerboth S, Leary M, Housman G, Moulton K, Sarkar S
Title Genetic and epigenetic aspects of breast cancer progression and therapy.
Journal Anticancer Res 34:1071-7 (2014)
Reference Authors Mohamed A, Krajewski K, Cakar B, Ma CX
Title Targeted therapy for breast cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Ellis MJ, Ding L, Shen D, Luo J, Suman VJ, Wallis JW, Van Tine BA, Hoog J, Goiffon RJ, Goldstein TC, Ng S, Lin L, Crowder R, Snider J, Ballman K, Weber J, Chen K, Koboldt DC, Kandoth C, Schierding WS, McMichael JF, Miller CA, Lu C, Harris CC, McLellan MD, Wendl MC, DeSchryver K, Allred DC, Esserman L, Unzeitig G, Margenthaler J, Babiera GV, Marcom PK, Guenther JM, Leitch M, Hunt K, Olson J, Tao Y, Maher CA, Fulton LL, Fulton RS, Harrison M, Oberkfell B, Du F, Demeter R, Vickery TL, Elhammali A, Piwnica-Worms H, McDonald S, Watson M, Dooling DJ, Ota D, Chang LW, Bose R, Ley TJ, Piwnica-Worms D, Stuart JM, Wilson RK, Mardis ER
Title Whole-genome analysis informs breast cancer response to aromatase inhibition.
Journal Reference Authors Ma CX, Reinert T, Chmielewska I, Ellis MJ
Title Mechanisms of aromatase inhibitor resistance.
Journal Reference Authors Butt AJ, McNeil CM, Musgrove EA, Sutherland RL
Title Downstream targets of growth factor and oestrogen signalling and endocrine resistance: the potential roles of c-Myc, cyclin D1 and cyclin E.
Journal Reference Authors Dasgupta S, Lonard DM, O'Malley BW
Title Nuclear receptor coactivators: master regulators of human health and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Brisken C
Title Progesterone signalling in breast cancer: a neglected hormone coming into the limelight.
Journal Reference Authors Scarpin KM, Graham JD, Mote PA, Clarke CL
Title Progesterone action in human tissues: regulation by progesterone receptor (PR) isoform expression, nuclear positioning and coregulator expression.
Journal Reference Authors Knutson TP, Lange CA
Title Tracking progesterone receptor-mediated actions in breast cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Dittrich A, Gautrey H, Browell D, Tyson-Capper A
Title The HER2 Signaling Network in Breast Cancer--Like a Spider in its Web.
Journal Reference Authors Higgins MJ, Baselga J
Title Targeted therapies for breast cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Mukohara T
Title PI3K mutations in breast cancer: prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Journal Reference Authors Schneider BP, Winer EP, Foulkes WD, Garber J, Perou CM, Richardson A, Sledge GW, Carey LA
Title Triple-negative breast cancer: risk factors to potential targets.
Journal Reference Authors King TD, Suto MJ, Li Y
Title The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway: a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Brown AM
Title Wnt signaling in breast cancer: have we come full circle?
Journal Reference Authors Geyer FC, Lacroix-Triki M, Savage K, Arnedos M, Lambros MB, MacKay A, Natrajan R, Reis-Filho JS
Title beta-Catenin pathway activation in breast cancer is associated with triple-negative phenotype but not with CTNNB1 mutation.
Journal Reference Authors Al-Hussaini H, Subramanyam D, Reedijk M, Sridhar SS
Title Notch signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Rangel MC, Bertolette D, Castro NP, Klauzinska M, Cuttitta F, Salomon DS
Title Developmental signaling pathways regulating mammary stem cells and contributing to the etiology of triple-negative breast cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Jamdade VS, Sethi N, Mundhe NA, Kumar P, Lahkar M, Sinha N
Title Therapeutic targets of triple-negative breast cancer: a review.
Journal Reference Authors Karamboulas C, Ailles L
Title Developmental signaling pathways in cancer stem cells of solid tumors.
Journal Reference Authors Ignatiadis M, Sotiriou C
Title Luminal breast cancer: from biology to treatment.
Journal Reference Authors Shin SJ, Gong G, Lee HJ, Kang J, Bae YK, Lee A, Cho EY, Lee JS, Suh KS, Lee DW, Jung WH
Title Positive expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor is associated with a positive hormone receptor status and a favorable prognosis in breast cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Gasco M, Shami S, Crook T
Title The p53 pathway in breast cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Narod SA, Foulkes WD
Title BRCA1 and BRCA2: 1994 and beyond.
Journal Related KO pathway
