KEGG   PATHWAY: mmf04140
Entry
mmf04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Molossus molossus (Pallas's mastiff bat)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
mmf04140  Autophagy - animal
mmf04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Molossus molossus (Pallas's mastiff bat) [GN:mmf]
Gene
118628933  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
118640813  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
118625363  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
118622304  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
118636678  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
118632927  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118626944  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118617106  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118626685  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
118642883  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
118616460  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
118642806  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118640620  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118619617  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase-like [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118630299  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118638405  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118632142  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN isoform X1 [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
118643162  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
118624619  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
118637822  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
118633604  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras [KO:K07831]
118628014  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
118633343  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118628434  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
118615385  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
118640210  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118642307  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118627941  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [KO:K08268]
118632636  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
118636664  DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein-like [KO:K08270]
118642250  TSC2; tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]
118629416  TSC1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
118632523  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
118619958  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb isoform X1 [KO:K07208]
118633821  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR [KO:K07204]
118631695  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein [KO:K20402]
118627075  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118638271  AKT1S1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 [KO:K16184]
118642565  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
118634239  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118627654  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118627482  immunoglobulin-binding protein 1-like [KO:K17606]
118636444  IGBP1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 [KO:K17606]
118622832  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
118643693  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
118639772  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 isoform X1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118641236  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 isoform X1 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118627558  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform X1 [KO:K08331]
118624521  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
118631718  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
118627856  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
118637829  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B-like [KO:K17906]
118623688  ATG2B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B [KO:K17906]
118634300  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
118615399  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
118634818  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 [KO:K22991]
118635774  WDR45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
118620068  ATG9B; autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
118625285  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A isoform X1 [KO:K17907]
118635527  transcription factor SPT20 homolog [KO:K21245]
118635528  transcription factor SPT20 homolog [KO:K21245]
118635817  transcription factor SPT20 homolog [KO:K21245]
118622541  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog [KO:K21245]
118641312  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
118642875  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X1 [KO:K23610]
118629786  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange C9orf72 homolog [KO:K23609]
118615433  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A isoform X1 [KO:K07901]
118636037  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
118615289  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 isoform X1 [KO:K14381]
118624185  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
118625233  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650]
118630498  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
118635898  RRAGB; ras-related GTP-binding protein B isoform X1 [KO:K16185]
118629670  RRAGA; ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
118627149  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C isoform X1 [KO:K16186]
118621509  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D isoform X1 [KO:K16186]
118643522  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform X1 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118626404  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
118641812  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
118626166  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
118615793  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
118633138  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
118642157  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118615122  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118632456  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118619009  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
118618234  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
118627989  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
118640494  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
118634172  BECN1; beclin-1 [KO:K08334]
118632039  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21246]
118633009  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118618488  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
118617072  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
118628767  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
118628151  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
118619135  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
118634241  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21248]
118630532  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: vacuole membrane protein 1-like [KO:K21248]
118629429  STX17; syntaxin-17 isoform X1 [KO:K08491]
118627782  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein isoform X1 [KO:K21249]
118626329  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
118617339  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X1 [KO:K19330]
118640013  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
118621083  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
118633993  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
118632878  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
118618295  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118629493  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118615968  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118624110  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
118642004  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: high mobility group protein B1-like [KO:K10802]
118626254  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118624973  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118619537  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
118633941  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
118639763  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
118633007  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
118629527  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17603]
118641887  ATG12; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 [KO:K08336]
118621103  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08339]
118625207  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
118628858  ATG16L2; protein Atg16l2 [KO:K20868]
118632948  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X1 [KO:K08337]
118641847  ATG10; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 [KO:K17888]
118617488  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
118625230  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
118615567  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
118626631  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type isoform X1 [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
118617547  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like [KO:K08341]
118633999  gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein isoform X1 [KO:K08341]
118624309  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
118639412  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
118640747  MAP1LC3C; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
118618750  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
118638990  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
118625502  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
118626664  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
118635721  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
118615226  ATG4D; cysteine protease ATG4D isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
118633803  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
118625651  OPTN; optineurin isoform X1 [KO:K19946]
118634664  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
118620069  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21347]
118626660  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K22262]
118617343  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
118626147  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like [KO:K02927]
118626149  ubiquitin [KO:K02927]
118627687  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
118623534  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like [KO:K02927]
118623571  ubiquitin-like isoform X1 [KO:K02927]
118631170  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like isoform X1 [KO:K02927]
118631901  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like [KO:K02927]
118641724  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02977]
118623566  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a-like [KO:K02977]
118630702  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
118641256  UBB; polyubiquitin-B [KO:K04551]
118636309  polyubiquitin-like [KO:K04551]
118639992  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
118639913  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
118630826  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
118619532  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
118621047  STX7; syntaxin-7 [KO:K08488]
118619083  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23883]
118633875  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K23282]
118627545  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20179]
118619036  VPS16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20180]
118615551  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
118640032  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
118628181  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
118620531  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20184]
118630719  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
118625635  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
118632924  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
118618120  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a isoform X1 [KO:K07897]
118637563  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
118635709  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
118622572  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
118615665  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1-like [KO:K06528]
118628271  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
118629279  CTSL; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cathepsin L1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
118629594  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
118629621  CTSV; cathepsin L2 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
118615564  CTSB; cathepsin B isoform X1 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
mmf04010  MAPK signaling pathway
mmf04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
mmf04142  Lysosome
mmf04150  mTOR signaling pathway
mmf04152  AMPK signaling pathway
mmf04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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