Entry
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog) [GN:
npo ]
Gene
129500644 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
129522061 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
129496894 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
129504276 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
129497646 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
129521608 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
129512495 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
129502588 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926 ]
129521521 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927 ]
129502517 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928 ]
129520851 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04929 ]
129513155 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930 ]
129497584 KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005 ]
129500159 KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
129494269 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
129519569 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
129522106 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
129513852 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
129497735 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
129520313 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
129503454 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
129498348 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
129506463 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539 ]
129496421 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
129501173 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
129499161 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04541 ]
129520219 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
129520847 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5-like [KO:K04542 ]
129522362 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
129499702 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
129494664 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
129498223 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
129519244 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
129521436 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
129519415 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
129498294 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
129512848 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
129498792 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997 ]
129501980 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05000 ]
129494039 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
129496567 PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
129497926 PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
129510377 neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04809 ]
129496290 CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806 ]
129509121 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813 ]
129520705 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805 ]
129520248 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815 ]
129516013 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808 ]
129522997 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
129511576 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
129508719 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
129494799 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
129503105 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
129515926 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
129522278 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
129502771 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
129515997 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
129509461 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
129509507 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
129521159 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
129496789 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
129498637 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
129507069 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
129513452 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
129520803 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
129522073 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
129522364 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
129515558 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849 ]
129503382 CACNA1C; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850 ]
129521343 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851 ]
129517804 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
129505985 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brown DA
Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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