KEGG   PATHWAY: apla04140
Entry
apla04140                   Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Anas platyrhynchos (mallard)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
apla04140  Autophagy - animal
apla04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Anas platyrhynchos (mallard) [GN:apla]
Gene
101794427  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
101802018  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
101796950  IRS1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
101801905  insulin receptor substrate 2-B [KO:K07187]
101804723  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07187]
101796183  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101800900  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101802796  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101803461  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
101799717  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649]
101795759  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
101798010  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101804556  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101800458  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101798136  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
101793649  HRAS; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
101793538  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
101804733  NRAS; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
101802364  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras [KO:K07831]
101796887  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
101795633  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101791037  MAP2K1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
119714201  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
101800319  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101793247  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha isoform X3 [KO:K08268]
101790553  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
101804966  TSC2; tuberin isoform X5 [KO:K07207]
101798545  TSC1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
101798341  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
101803921  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb isoform X2 [KO:K07208]
119713155  RPTOR; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: regulatory-associated protein of mTOR [KO:K07204]
101802012  DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K20402]
101800454  DEPTOR; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein [KO:K20402]
101802486  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101797928  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
101792883  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
119717128  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
119717915  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17606]
101799879  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
101803206  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
101797231  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 isoform X1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101793905  ULK2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101793818  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform X1 [KO:K08331]
101793681  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
101799842  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
101790152  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
101790231  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
119713123  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908]
101801911  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
119715727  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 9A-like [KO:K17907]
101790289  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A isoform X1 [KO:K17907]
101799789  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X2 [KO:K21245]
101791532  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
101794708  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X1 [KO:K23610]
101797747  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange C9orf72 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23609]
101791620  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
101801337  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B isoform X1 [KO:K07925]
113839793  ras-related protein Rab-39A-like [KO:K07925]
101790932  SQSTM1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sequestosome-1 [KO:K14381]
101800085  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101798094  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator [KO:K12650]
101790987  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A isoform X1 [KO:K07874]
101792295  ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
119717908  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ras-related GTP-binding protein A-like [KO:K16185]
101790925  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]
101800218  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
101795686  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101801595  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
101799561  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
101791856  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X3 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101796703  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101799011  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X5 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101793594  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
106014314  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110352991  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
101803720  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
101792844  BECN1; beclin-1 [KO:K08334]
101804076  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 [KO:K21246]
101790933  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101791899  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
101790376  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
101794362  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
101802411  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
106016621  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
101793995  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21248]
101796262  STX17; syntaxin-17 [KO:K08491]
101798878  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein isoform X3 [KO:K21249]
101795996  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
101799342  RUBCN; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein [KO:K19330]
101791374  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101800996  MAP3K7; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
101801189  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X2 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
101800310  ERN2; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE2 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
101791594  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X6 [KO:K04958]
101802579  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101792822  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101803493  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101797353  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
101800258  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101793133  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101803281  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
101793168  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
101802164  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X2 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
101800837  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
101803776  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K17603]
101795525  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 [KO:K08336]
101798467  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X2 [KO:K08339]
101798409  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X3 [KO:K17890]
101793699  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X1 [KO:K08337]
101790123  ATG10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X1 [KO:K17888]
101789552  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
101799915  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
101800059  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B isoform X1 [KO:K07920]
101804738  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
106019872  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
101791448  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
101793352  MAP1LC3C; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
101798675  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
101798980  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A isoform X1 [KO:K10435]
113839860  microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C-like [KO:K10435]
101795663  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
101790374  ATG4B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cysteine protease ATG4B [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
101791479  cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
113841191  cysteine protease ATG4A-like [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
119715366  cysteine protease ATG4A-like [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
113841799  cysteine protease ATG4A-like [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
113841014  cysteine protease ATG4A-like [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
113841783  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
101790549  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
101791650  OPTN; optineurin [KO:K19946]
101797184  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
101802184  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21347]
101793634  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
119714222  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
101802173  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
101797590  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K04551]
101799068  polyubiquitin [KO:K08770]
101798453  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
101799031  STX7; syntaxin-7 [KO:K08488]
101796242  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X2 [KO:K23883]
101792908  PLEKHM1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 [KO:K23282]
101803855  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog [KO:K20179]
101804419  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
101792340  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
101794556  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
101796985  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20184]
101791861  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
101793657  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
101799792  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 [KO:K26797]
101800453  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
101798359  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
101795466  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
101795078  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
101792449  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
101803168  CTSL; procathepsin L isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
113839605  procathepsin L-like isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
101794268  CTSB; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
apla04010  MAPK signaling pathway
apla04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
apla04142  Lysosome
apla04150  mTOR signaling pathway
apla04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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