KEGG   PATHWAY: cfr05214
Entry
cfr05214                    Pathway                                
Name
Glioma - Camelus ferus (Wild Bactrian camel)
Description
Gliomas are the most common of the primary brain tumors and account for more than 40% of all central nervous system neoplasms. Gliomas include tumours that are composed predominantly of astrocytes (astrocytomas), oligodendrocytes (oligodendrogliomas), mixtures of various glial cells (for example,oligoastrocytomas) and ependymal cells (ependymomas). The most malignant form of infiltrating astrocytoma - glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) - is one of the most aggressive human cancers. GBM may develop de novo (primary glioblastoma) or by progression from low-grade or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma). Primary glioblastomas develop in older patients and typically show genetic alterations (EGFR amplification, p16/INK4a deletion, and PTEN mutations) at frequencies of 24-34%. Secondary glioblastomas develop in younger patients and frequently show overexpression of PDGF and CDK4 as well as p53 mutations (65%) and loss of Rb playing major roles in such transformations. Loss of PTEN has been implicated in both pathways, although it is much more common in the pathogenesis of primary GBM.
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: specific types
Pathway map
cfr05214  Glioma
cfr05214

Organism
Camelus ferus (Wild Bactrian camel) [GN:cfr]
Gene
102523769  EGF; pro-epidermal growth factor isoform X1 [KO:K04357]
102506694  TGFA; protransforming growth factor alpha [KO:K08774]
102504272  EGFR; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102520052  PDGFA; platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform X1 [KO:K04359]
102509299  PDGFB; platelet-derived growth factor subunit B [KO:K17386]
102512589  PDGFRA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha [KO:K04363] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102512951  PDGFRB; platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta [KO:K05089] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102506236  IGF1; insulin-like growth factor I isoform X1 [KO:K05459]
102524338  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102524452  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102514470  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102512690  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
102516816  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
102509134  CALML6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
102517946  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
102512134  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
102518712  calmodulin [KO:K02183]
116659234  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1-like [KO:K08794] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102519744  CAMK1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08794] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102506579  CAMK1D; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1D [KO:K08794] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102503486  CAMK1G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1G [KO:K08794] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102522167  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102512557  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102521522  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102506589  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102503715  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102507832  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102511859  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102513516  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102524489  SHC1; SHC-transforming protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06279]
102506382  SHC2; SHC-transforming protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17447]
102508169  SHC3; SHC-transforming protein 3 [KO:K17448]
102517753  SHC4; SHC-transforming protein 4 [KO:K17449]
102515306  GRB2; growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 [KO:K04364]
102507247  SOS1; son of sevenless homolog 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03099]
102517014  SOS2; son of sevenless homolog 2 [KO:K03099]
102524334  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
102516372  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
102509562  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
102506774  ARAF; serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf isoform X1 [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102524100  BRAF; serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102517521  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102515937  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102511209  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102517586  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102521659  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102523502  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102518643  PIK3CD; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102519994  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102513205  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
102505690  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
102520923  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649]
102503460  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102515350  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102519101  RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase-like [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
106729149  AKT1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102510836  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102515104  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
102517211  cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A isoform X1 [KO:K06621]
102522420  MDM2; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 isoform X1 [KO:K06643] [EC:2.3.2.27]
102524476  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
102509404  CDKN1A; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K06625]
102518309  CCND1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 [KO:K04503]
102522300  CDK4; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
102520456  CDK6; cyclin-dependent kinase 6 isoform X1 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
102516870  RB1; retinoblastoma-associated protein isoform X1 [KO:K06618]
102517851  E2F1; transcription factor E2F1 [KO:K17454]
102515523  E2F2; transcription factor E2F2 [KO:K09389]
102513737  E2F3; transcription factor E2F3 isoform X1 [KO:K06620]
102516207  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402]
102508482  GADD45A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402]
116660720  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402]
102512073  ferritin light chain isoform X1 [KO:K02159]
102513729  BAK1; bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer isoform X1 [KO:K14021]
102523860  DDB2; DNA damage-binding protein 2 isoform X4 [KO:K10140]
102507560  POLK; DNA polymerase kappa isoform X1 [KO:K03511] [EC:2.7.7.7]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15639402
  Authors
Soni D, King JA, Kaye AH, Hovens CM.
  Title
Genetics of glioblastoma multiforme: mitogenic signaling and cell cycle pathways converge.
  Journal
J Clin Neurosci 12:1-5 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.04.001
Reference
PMID:12154354
  Authors
Zhu Y, Parada LF.
  Title
The molecular and genetic basis of neurological tumours.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 2:616-26 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/nrc866
Reference
PMID:11253051
  Authors
Holland EC.
  Title
Gliomagenesis: genetic alterations and mouse models.
  Journal
Nat Rev Genet 2:120-9 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35052535
Reference
PMID:16700615
  Authors
Bansal K, Liang ML, Rutka JT.
  Title
Molecular biology of human gliomas.
  Journal
Technol Cancer Res Treat 5:185-94 (2006)
DOI:10.1177/153303460600500302
Reference
  Authors
Tabuchi K (ed).
  Title
[Gliomas: Research and therapy] (In Japanese)
  Journal
Springer-Verlag Tokyo (2006)
Reference
PMID:12762887
  Authors
Kapoor GS, O'Rourke DM.
  Title
Mitogenic signaling cascades in glial tumors.
  Journal
Neurosurgery 52:1425-34; discussion 1434-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1227/01.NEU.0000065135.28143.39
Reference
PMID:16095998
  Authors
Hulleman E, Helin K.
  Title
Molecular mechanisms in gliomagenesis.
  Journal
Adv Cancer Res 94:1-27 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/S0065-230X(05)94001-3
Reference
PMID:11057895
  Authors
Schlessinger J.
  Title
Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases.
  Journal
Cell 103:211-25 (2000)
DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00114-8
Reference
PMID:9643506
  Authors
Ng HK, Lam PY.
  Title
The molecular genetics of central nervous system tumors.
  Journal
Pathology 30:196-202 (1998)
DOI:10.1080/00313029800169236
Reference
PMID:12084351
  Authors
Knobbe CB, Merlo A, Reifenberger G.
  Title
Pten signaling in gliomas.
  Journal
Neuro-oncol 4:196-211 (2002)
DOI:10.1093/neuonc/4.3.196
Related
pathway
cfr04010  MAPK signaling pathway
cfr04012  ErbB signaling pathway
cfr04020  Calcium signaling pathway
cfr04060  Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
cfr04110  Cell cycle
cfr04115  p53 signaling pathway
cfr04150  mTOR signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko05214   
LinkDB

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