Entry
Name
Cell cycle - Phascolarctos cinereus (koala)
Description
Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulatory enzymes, each consisting of a catalytic CDK subunit and an activating cyclin subunit. CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. Downstream targets of CDKs include transcription factor E2F and its regulator Rb. Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated.
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. p53 and its transcriptional targets play an important role in both G1 and G2 checkpoints. ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Phascolarctos cinereus (koala) [GN:
pcw ]
Gene
110207491 RBL2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: retinoblastoma-like protein 2 [KO:K16332 ]
110205565 TGFB2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: transforming growth factor beta-2 [KO:K13376 ]
110207982 SMAD2; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04500 ]
110198716 ZBTB17; zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K10500 ]
110218707 CDKN1B; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B isoform X1 [KO:K06624 ]
110217257 CDKN1A; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06625 ]
110215921 CDC6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cell division control protein 6 homolog [KO:K02213 ]
110210486 CDT1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: DNA replication factor Cdt1 [KO:K10727 ]
110200898 ORC3; origin recognition complex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K02605 ]
110207163 ORC4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: origin recognition complex subunit 4 [KO:K02606 ]
110206989 ORC5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: origin recognition complex subunit 5 [KO:K02607 ]
110215120 CDC45; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cell division control protein 45 homolog [KO:K06628 ]
110214562 PKMYT1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: membrane-associated tyrosine- and threonine-specific cdc2-inhibitory kinase [KO:K06633 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
110209267 ANAPC1; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03348 ]
110215767 CDC27; cell division cycle protein 27 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K03350 ]
110212365 ANAPC4; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03351 ]
110196785 ANAPC5; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03352 ]
110220918 CDC23; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cell division cycle protein 23 homolog [KO:K03355 ]
110195211 ANAPC15; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 15 isoform X1 [KO:K25228 ]
110203665 ANAPC16; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 16 isoform X1 [KO:K25229 ]
110200195 CDC20; cell division cycle protein 20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K03363 ]
110193335 SMC1A; structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A [KO:K06636 ]
110201639 SMC1B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1B [KO:K06636 ]
110209496 SMC3; structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K06669 ]
110193569 RAD21; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog [KO:K06670 ]
110197078 ESCO1; N-acetyltransferase ESCO1 isoform X1 [KO:K11268 ] [EC:2.3.1.-]
110215572 PDS5B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B [KO:K11267 ]
110213092 PDS5A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A [KO:K11267 ]
110194908 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform-like isoform X1 [KO:K04382 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
110211727 PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04382 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
110219910 PPP2R1A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform [KO:K03456 ]
110210692 PPP2R1B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform [KO:K03456 ]
110222677 PPP2R5A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform [KO:K11584 ]
110195321 PPP2R5B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform [KO:K11584 ]
110197331 PPP2R5C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
110201274 PPP2R5D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform [KO:K11584 ]
110208451 PPP2R5E; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584 ]
110200097 MAD1L1; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 isoform X1 [KO:K06679 ]
110223033 MAD2L1; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2A [KO:K02537 ]
110199142 MAD2L2; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2B isoform X1 [KO:K13728 ]
110207910 TRIP13; pachytene checkpoint protein 2 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K22399 ]
110212964 GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402 ]
110223449 GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402 ]
110195907 GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402 ]
Reference
Authors
Matsuoka S, Yamaguchi M, Matsukage A
Title
D-type cyclin-binding regions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
Journal
J Biol Chem 269:11030-6 (1994)
Reference
Authors
Welch PJ, Wang JY
Title
A C-terminal protein-binding domain in the retinoblastoma protein regulates nuclear c-Abl tyrosine kinase in the cell cycle.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Macaluso M, Montanari M, Giordano A
Title
Rb family proteins as modulators of gene expression and new aspects regarding the interaction with chromatin remodeling enzymes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cobrinik D
Title
Pocket proteins and cell cycle control.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Boutros R, Lobjois V, Ducommun B
Title
CDC25 phosphatases in cancer cells: key players? Good targets?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Diehl JA, Cheng M, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ
Title
Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Klein EA, Assoian RK
Title
Transcriptional regulation of the cyclin D1 gene at a glance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sherr CJ, Roberts JM
Title
CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shi Y, Massague J.
Title
Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kamura T, Hara T, Kotoshiba S, Yada M, Ishida N, Imaki H, Hatakeyama S, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI
Title
Degradation of p57Kip2 mediated by SCFSkp2-dependent ubiquitylation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bond M, Sala-Newby GB, Wu YJ, Newby AC
Title
Biphasic effect of p21Cip1 on smooth muscle cell proliferation: role of PI 3-kinase and Skp2-mediated degradation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Harris SL, Levine AJ.
Title
The p53 pathway: positive and negative feedback loops.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine AJ
Title
Surfing the p53 network.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Smith ML, Chen IT, Zhan Q, Bae I, Chen CY, Gilmer TM, Kastan MB, O'Connor PM, Fornace AJ Jr
Title
Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Petersen BO, Lukas J, Sorensen CS, Bartek J, Helin K
Title
Phosphorylation of mammalian CDC6 by cyclin A/CDK2 regulates its subcellular localization.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sheu YJ, Stillman B
Title
Cdc7-Dbf4 phosphorylates MCM proteins via a docking site-mediated mechanism to promote S phase progression.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Martinez AM, Afshar M, Martin F, Cavadore JC, Labbe JC, Doree M
Title
Dual phosphorylation of the T-loop in cdk7: its role in controlling cyclin H binding and CAK activity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lolli G, Johnson LN
Title
CAK-Cyclin-dependent Activating Kinase: a key kinase in cell cycle control and a target for drugs?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Musacchio A, Salmon ED
Title
The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and time.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Uhlmann F
Title
Chromosome cohesion and separation: from men and molecules.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Stegmeier F, Amon A
Title
Closing mitosis: the functions of the Cdc14 phosphatase and its regulation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Moustakas A, Kardassis D
Title
Regulation of the human p21/WAF1/Cip1 promoter in hepatic cells by functional interactions between Sp1 and Smad family members.
Journal
Reference
Authors
de Boer HR, Guerrero Llobet S, van Vugt MA
Title
Controlling the response to DNA damage by the APC/C-Cdh1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Qiao X, Zhang L, Gamper AM, Fujita T, Wan Y
Title
APC/C-Cdh1: from cell cycle to cellular differentiation and genomic integrity.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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