Entry Name Cholinergic synapse - Lemur catta (Ring-tailed lemur)
Description Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Lemur catta (Ring-tailed lemur) [GN:
lcat ]
Gene 123620748 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
123622057 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
123622065 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
123622771 CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806 ]
123622772 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927 ]
123622795 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
123623167 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851 ]
123623249 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
123623574 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
123623871 KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
123623917 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
123624366 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
123625313 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
123626342 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808 ]
123626819 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
123627584 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
123627700 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
123628833 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
123629856 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
123630278 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
123630284 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
123630738 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
123631427 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
123631640 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
123631903 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805 ]
123632820 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
123632996 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930 ]
123633190 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
123633418 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
123633885 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
123634008 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
123634030 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813 ]
123634506 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
123635002 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
123635385 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815 ]
123635536 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
123635687 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04929 ]
123636000 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
123637148 GNG14; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
123637429 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
123639706 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
123639915 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
123640104 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
123640189 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
123640339 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
123641343 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
123641430 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
123642645 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
123642922 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926 ]
123643345 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997 ]
123644073 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
123644312 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928 ]
123645215 CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809 ]
123646158 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
123646308 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
123646347 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
123646542 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 isoform X1 [KO:K04545 ]
123647150 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
123647151 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
123647376 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
123647608 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
123647675 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
123647726 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
123648578 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
123650285 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
123650555 KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005 ]
123650941 PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
123650942 PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference Authors Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference Authors Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference Authors Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal Reference Authors Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal Reference Authors Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference Authors Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal Reference Authors Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Brown DA
Title Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Chang KT, Berg DK
Title Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal Reference Authors Soreq H, Seidman S
Title Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal Reference Authors Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal Reference Authors Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal Reference Authors Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal Reference Authors Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal Related KO pathway
