Entry Name Glutamatergic synapse - Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal)
Description Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic cleft, glutamate acts on postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate can also act on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and exert a variety of modulatory effects through their coupling to G proteins and the subsequent recruitment of second messenger systems. Presynaptically localized Group II and Group III mGluRs are thought to represent the classical inhibitory autoreceptor mechanism that suppresses excess glutamate release. After its action on these receptors, glutamate can be removed from the synaptic cleft by EAATs located either on the presynaptic terminal, neighboring glial cells, or the postsynaptic neuron. In glia, glutamate is converted to glutamine, which is then transported back to the presynaptic terminal and converted back to glutamate.
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) [GN:
mlx ]
Gene 117997724 SHANK3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 [KO:K15009 ]
117998037 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
117998067 GRIK5; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5 isoform X1 [KO:K05205 ]
117998257 SHANK1; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 [KO:K15009 ]
117998532 SLC17A8; vesicular glutamate transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12302 ]
117999428 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
118001326 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
118002589 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
118003092 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
118003742 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
118004729 TRPC1; short transient receptor potential channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04964 ]
118005236 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
118005543 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
118005774 SLC38A3; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K13576 ]
118005775 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
118005796 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
118005966 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
118006050 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
118006633 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
118008929 SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207 ]
118008932 SLC38A1; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14990 ]
118011244 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
118011247 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
118012436 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
118012933 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
118015951 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
118016172 SHANK2; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15009 ]
118017819 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
118018172 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
118018812 GRIK1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05201 ]
118019030 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
118019223 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
118019289 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
118019679 GRIK3; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05203 ]
118020099 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
118020679 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
118020767 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
118020768 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
118021556 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
118021679 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
118022080 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
118023770 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
118024789 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
118025560 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
118025725 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07825 ]
118025809 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
118026266 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
118027044 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Niswender CM, Conn PJ
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Ferraguti F, Crepaldi L, Nicoletti F
Title Metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: current concepts and perspectives.
Journal Reference Authors Hermans E, Challiss RA
Title Structural, signalling and regulatory properties of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: prototypic family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
Journal Reference Authors Meador-Woodruff JH, Clinton SM, Beneyto M, McCullumsmith RE
Title Molecular abnormalities of the glutamate synapse in the thalamus in schizophrenia.
Journal Reference Authors Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK
Title Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Gass JT, Olive MF
Title Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism.
Journal Reference Authors Palmada M, Centelles JJ
Title Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain.
Journal Reference Authors Schoepp DD
Title Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
Journal J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:12-20 (2001)
Reference Authors de Jong AP, Verhage M
Title Presynaptic signal transduction pathways that modulate synaptic transmission.
Journal Reference Authors Pinheiro PS, Mulle C
Title Presynaptic glutamate receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of action.
Journal Reference Authors Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Faden AI
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for multipotential treatment of neurological disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Conti F, Weinberg RJ
Title Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses.
Journal Reference Authors Sheng M, Kim MJ
Title Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms.
Journal Related KO pathway
