KEGG   PATHWAY: ko04935
Entry
ko04935                     Pathway                                
Name
Growth hormone synthesis, secretion and action
Description
Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary and plays a critical role in cell growth, development, and metabolism throughout the body. GH secretion occurs episodically and is primarily under the control of two hypothalamic neuroendocrine hormones: GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates GH secretion, and somatostatin, which inhibits GH secretion. GHRH interacts with a G protein-coupled receptor (GHRHR) in somatotroph cells to activate the cAMP signaling pathway, which leads to increased GH mRNA transcription and release. Once released into the circulation, GH binds to cell-surface GHR in target tissues such as liver, muscle, bone, and adipose tissue. Binding leads to activation of JAK2 that in turn triggers an array of signaling cascade including Raf-MEK-ERK, PI3K-Akt, and STAT5. ERK, Akt, and STAT5 all promote growth via the synthesis and secretion of IGF-1.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
ko04935  Growth hormone synthesis, secretion and action
ko04935

Orthology
K05260  growth hormone-releasing hormone
K04584  growth hormone releasing hormone receptor
K04632  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha
K08041  adenylate cyclase 1 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K08042  adenylate cyclase 2 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K08043  adenylate cyclase 3 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K08044  adenylate cyclase 4 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K08045  adenylate cyclase 5 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K08046  adenylate cyclase 6 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K08047  adenylate cyclase 7 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K08048  adenylate cyclase 8 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K08049  adenylate cyclase 9 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K11265  adenylate cyclase 10 [EC:4.6.1.1]
K05237  somatostatin
K04217  somatostatin receptor 1
K04218  somatostatin receptor 2
K04219  somatostatin receptor 3
K04221  somatostatin receptor 5
K04630  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha
K04345  protein kinase A [EC:2.7.11.11]
K05870  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1
K04450  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2
K04374  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4
K09048  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3
K09047  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5
K09049  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta
K04498  E1A/CREB-binding protein [EC:2.3.1.48]
K09363  POU domain transcription factor, class 1
K04379  proto-oncogene protein c-fos
K05438  growth hormone
K05254  ghrelin
K04284  growth hormone secretagogue receptor
K25968  melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein 2
K04634  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha
K04635  guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11
K05858  phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, beta [EC:3.1.4.11]
K02677  classical protein kinase C alpha type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K19662  classical protein kinase C beta type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K19663  classical protein kinase C gamma type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K04958  inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 1
K04959  inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 2
K04960  inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 3
K04857  voltage-dependent calcium channel L type alpha-1S
K04850  voltage-dependent calcium channel L type alpha-1C
K04851  voltage-dependent calcium channel L type alpha-1D
K04853  voltage-dependent calcium channel L type alpha-1F
K05080  growth hormone receptor
K04447  Janus kinase 2 [EC:2.7.10.2]
K01116  phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, gamma-1 [EC:3.1.4.11]
K05859  phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, gamma-2 [EC:3.1.4.11]
K06279  SHC-transforming protein 1
K17447  SHC-transforming protein 2
K17448  SHC-transforming protein 3
K17449  SHC-transforming protein 4
K04364  growth factor receptor-bound protein 2
K03099  son of sevenless
K02833  GTPase HRas
K07827  GTPase KRas
K07828  GTPase NRas
K04366  RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1]
K04368  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04369  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04371  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3 [EC:2.7.11.24]
K11220  signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
K04692  signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
K11223  signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A
K11224  signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B
K16172  insulin receptor substrate 1
K07187  insulin receptor substrate 2
K17445  insulin receptor substrate 3
K17446  insulin receptor substrate 4
K02649  phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/delta
K00922  phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha/beta/delta [EC:2.7.1.153]
K04456  RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1]
K07203  serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [EC:2.7.11.1]
K03083  glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta [EC:2.7.11.26]
K05459  insulin-like growth factor 1
K09028  transcription factor jun-B
K04694  suppressor of cytokine signaling 1
K04695  suppressor of cytokine signaling 2
K04696  suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
K17256  insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile subunit
K10138  insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3
K05725  focal adhesion kinase 1 [EC:2.7.10.2]
K05726  breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1
K04438  C-crk adapter molecule crk
K04416  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 [EC:2.7.11.25]
K04432  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04430  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04433  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04440  mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/9/10 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04441  p38 MAP kinase [EC:2.7.11.24]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nishad R, Mukhi D, Menon R K, Pasupulati A.
  Title
Growth Hormone and Metabolic Homeostasis
  Journal
Eur Med J 6:78-87 (2018)
Reference
PMID:30775002
  Authors
Lu M, Flanagan JU, Langley RJ, Hay MP, Perry JK
  Title
Targeting growth hormone function: strategies and therapeutic applications.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 4:3 (2019)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-019-0036-y
Reference
PMID:8874495
  Authors
Argetsinger LS, Carter-Su C
  Title
Mechanism of signaling by growth hormone receptor.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 76:1089-107 (1996)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.1996.76.4.1089
Reference
PMID:8815791
  Authors
Carter-Su C, Schwartz J, Smit LS
  Title
Molecular mechanism of growth hormone action.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 58:187-207 (1996)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.001155
Reference
PMID:10912517
  Authors
Carter-Su C, Rui L, Herrington J
  Title
Role of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in signal transduction by growth hormone.
  Journal
Pediatr Nephrol 14:550-7 (2000)
DOI:10.1007/s004670000366
Reference
PMID:29487568
  Authors
Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, Brooks AJ
  Title
The Growth Hormone Receptor: Mechanism of Receptor Activation, Cell Signaling, and Physiological Aspects.
  Journal
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 9:35 (2018)
DOI:10.3389/fendo.2018.00035
Reference
PMID:26421979
  Authors
Carter-Su C, Schwartz J, Argetsinger LS
  Title
Growth hormone signaling pathways.
  Journal
Growth Horm IGF Res 28:11-5 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.ghir.2015.09.002
Reference
PMID:28435436
  Authors
Berryman DE, Henry B, Hjortebjerg R, List EO, Kopchick JJ
  Title
Developments in our understanding of the effects of growth hormone on white adipose tissue from mice: implications to the clinic.
  Journal
Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 11:197-207 (2016)
DOI:10.1586/17446651.2016.1147950
Reference
PMID:9837978
  Authors
Zhu T, Goh EL, LeRoith D, Lobie PE
  Title
Growth hormone stimulates the formation of a multiprotein signaling complex involving p130(Cas) and CrkII. Resultant activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK).
  Journal
J Biol Chem 273:33864-75 (1998)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.273.50.33864
Reference
  Authors
Choi S (ed).
  Title
Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules
  Journal
Springer International Publishing
DOI:10.1007/978-1-4614-6438-9_101674-1
Reference
PMID:11997217
  Authors
Gracia-Navarro F, Castano JP, Malagon MM, Sanchez-Hormigo A, Luque RM, Hickey GJ, Peinado JR, Delgado E, Martinez-Fuentes AJ
  Title
Research progress in the stimulatory inputs regulating growth hormone (GH) secretion.
  Journal
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 132:141-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00544-9
Reference
PMID:9167959
  Authors
Bertherat J
  Title
Nuclear effects of the cAMP pathway activation in somatotrophs.
  Journal
Horm Res 47:245-50 (1997)
DOI:10.1159/000185471
Reference
PMID:8625613
  Authors
Tuggle CK, Trenkle A
  Title
Control of growth hormone synthesis.
  Journal
Domest Anim Endocrinol 13:1-33 (1996)
DOI:10.1016/0739-7240(95)00059-3
Reference
PMID:10525051
  Authors
Cohen LE, Hashimoto Y, Zanger K, Wondisford F, Radovick S
  Title
CREB-independent regulation by CBP is a novel mechanism of human growth hormone gene expression.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 104:1123-30 (1999)
DOI:10.1172/JCI7308
Reference
PMID:25302229
  Authors
Khatib N, Gaidhane S, Gaidhane AM, Khatib M, Simkhada P, Gode D, Zahiruddin QS
  Title
Ghrelin: ghrelin as a regulatory Peptide in growth hormone secretion.
  Journal
J Clin Diagn Res 8:MC13-7 (2014)
DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2014/9863.4767
Reference
PMID:16628271
  Authors
Lengyel AM
  Title
From growth hormone-releasing peptides to ghrelin: discovery of new modulators of GH secretion.
  Journal
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 50:17-24 (2006)
DOI:10.1590/s0004-27302006000100004
Reference
PMID:15927771
  Authors
Anderson LL, Jeftinija S, Scanes CG, Stromer MH, Lee JS, Jeftinija K, Glavaski-Joksimovic A
  Title
Physiology of ghrelin and related peptides.
  Journal
Domest Anim Endocrinol 29:111-44 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.02.033
Reference
PMID:14610293
  Authors
Camina JP, Carreira MC, Micic D, Pombo M, Kelestimur F, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF
  Title
Regulation of ghrelin secretion and action.
  Journal
Endocrine 22:5-12 (2003)
DOI:10.1385/ENDO:22:1:5
Reference
PMID:22243899
  Authors
Yang SK, Steyn F, Chen C
  Title
Influence of membrane ion channel in pituitary somatotrophs by hypothalamic regulators.
  Journal
Cell Calcium 51:231-9 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceca.2011.12.005
Reference
PMID:19884662
  Authors
Melmed S
  Title
Acromegaly pathogenesis and treatment.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 119:3189-202 (2009)
DOI:10.1172/JCI39375
Reference
PMID:31911434
  Authors
Rouault AAJ, Rosselli-Murai LK, Hernandez CC, Gimenez LE, Tall GG, Sebag JA
  Title
The GPCR accessory protein MRAP2 regulates both biased signaling and constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor GHSR1a.
  Journal
Sci Signal 13:eaax4569 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/scisignal.aax4569
Related
pathway
ko04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ko04020  Calcium signaling pathway
ko04024  cAMP signaling pathway
ko04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
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