Entry
Name
Prion disease - Propithecus coquereli (Coquerel's sifaka)
Description
Prion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of these diseases is thought to be associated with the conversion of a normal protein, PrPC, into an infectious, pathogenic form, PrPSc. The conversion is induced by prion infections (for example, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), iatrogenic CJD, Kuru), mutations (familial CJD, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia (FFI)) or unknown factors (sporadic CJD (sCJD)), and is thought to occur after PrPC has reached the plasma membrane or is re-internalized for degradation. The PrPSc form shows greater protease resistance than PrPC and accumulates in affected individuals, often in the form of extracellular plaques. Pathways that may lead to neuronal death comprise oxidative stress, regulated activation of complement, ubiquitin-proteasome and endosomal-lysosomal systems, synaptic alterations and dendritic atrophy, corticosteroid response, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, the conformational transition could lead to the lost of a beneficial activity of the natively folded protein, PrPC.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Disease
Organism
Propithecus coquereli (Coquerel's sifaka) [GN:
pcoq ]
Gene
105804976 PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K03037 ]
105805232 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
105805267 NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
105805290 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
105805988 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
105806237 NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961 ]
105806240 PIK3CA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105806434 NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
105806914 ATP5J; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02131 ]
105807577 PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028 ]
105807952 NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
105808667 NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
105808983 NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
105809025 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
105809556 NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947 ]
105811072 NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
105811104 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
105811289 NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
105811892 NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956 ]
105811984 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
105812318 NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938 ]
105812706 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
105813016 GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform X1 [KO:K05209 ]
105813050 NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
105813564 PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036 ]
105814042 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
105814705 NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
105815301 NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
105815570 ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450 ]
105815572 ATP5G3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
105815791 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
105816029 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
105816542 NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
105816545 PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 [KO:K03039 ]
105816719 PSMD1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K03032 ]
105816783 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
105816836 NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
105817103 NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949 ]
105817861 ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049 ]
105817968 ATP5G2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
105818168 NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
105818191 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
105818713 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
105818751 NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
105819128 NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
105819421 NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
105819542 PSMD14; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030 ]
105819681 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 [KO:K15041 ]
105819858 EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237 ]
105820021 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
105820430 PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035 ]
105820583 PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031 ]
105820631 NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962 ]
105821611 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
105821904 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
105821915 PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029 ]
105822085 ATP5F1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127 ]
105822197 SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00237 ]
105822913 NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
105823056 SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
105823339 PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038 ]
105823587 NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
105823945 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870 ]
105824035 NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
105824114 NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
105824126 PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033 ]
105824308 NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
105824734 ATP5G1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
105824864 SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
105824997 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105825283 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
105825488 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15040 ]
105825498 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
105825513 MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K20858 ]
105825547 NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial [KO:K03954 ]
105825671 PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 isoform X1 [KO:K06693 ]
105826090 NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
105826272 NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
105826451 NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952 ]
105826540 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
105826612 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
105827413 NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
Compound
Reference
Authors
Saa P, Harris DA, Cervenakova L
Title
Mechanisms of prion-induced neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Goold R, McKinnon C, Tabrizi SJ
Title
Prion degradation pathways: Potential for therapeutic intervention.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soto C, Satani N
Title
The intricate mechanisms of neurodegeneration in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mays CE, Soto C
Title
The stress of prion disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jones E, Mead S
Title
Genetic risk factors for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kovacs GG, Budka H
Title
Prion diseases: from protein to cell pathology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Campana V, Sarnataro D, Zurzolo C
Title
The highways and byways of prion protein trafficking.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Caughey B, Baron GS
Title
Prions and their partners in crime.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chiesa R, Harris DA
Title
Prion diseases: what is the neurotoxic molecule?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fasano C, Campana V, Zurzolo C
Title
Prions: protein only or something more? Overview of potential prion cofactors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Roucou X, Gains M, LeBlanc AC
Title
Neuroprotective functions of prion protein.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Harris DA
Title
Cellular biology of prion diseases.
Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 12:429-44 (1999)
Reference
Authors
Novakofski J, Brewer MS, Mateus-Pinilla N, Killefer J, McCusker RH
Title
Prion biology relevant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Peggion C, Bertoli A, Sorgato MC
Title
Almost a century of prion protein(s): From pathology to physiology, and back to pathology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ryskalin L, Busceti CL, Biagioni F, Limanaqi F, Familiari P, Frati A, Fornai F
Title
Prion Protein in Glioblastoma Multiforme.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ureshino RP, Erustes AG, Bassani TB, Wachilewski P, Guarache GC, Nascimento AC, Costa AJ, Smaili SS, Pereira GJDS
Title
The Interplay between Ca(2+) Signaling Pathways and Neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Meneghetti E, Gasperini L, Virgilio T, Moda F, Tagliavini F, Benetti F, Legname G
Title
Prions Strongly Reduce NMDA Receptor S-Nitrosylation Levels at Pre-symptomatic and Terminal Stages of Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Song Z, Zhao D, Yang L
Title
Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration mediated by dysfunctional subcellular organelles in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Halliday M, Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
Fine-tuning PERK signaling for neuroprotection.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hughes D, Halliday M
Title
What Is Our Current Understanding of PrP(Sc)-Associated Neurotoxicity and Its Molecular Underpinnings?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Mollereau B
Title
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
The unfolded protein response in neurodegenerative disorders - therapeutic modulation of the PERK pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Doyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Healy SJ, Samali A
Title
Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferreiro E, Oliveira CR, Pereira CM
Title
The release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum induced by amyloid-beta and prion peptides activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferreiro E, Resende R, Costa R, Oliveira CR, Pereira CM
Title
An endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptotic pathway is involved in prion and amyloid-beta peptides neurotoxicity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Torres M, Encina G, Soto C, Hetz C
Title
Abnormal calcium homeostasis and protein folding stress at the ER: A common factor in familial and infectious prion disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ciechanover A, Kwon YT
Title
Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic targets and strategies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kristiansen M, Deriziotis P, Dimcheff DE, Jackson GS, Ovaa H, Naumann H, Clarke AR, van Leeuwen FW, Menendez-Benito V, Dantuma NP, Portis JL, Collinge J, Tabrizi SJ
Title
Disease-associated prion protein oligomers inhibit the 26S proteasome.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang HG, Pathan N, Ethell IM, Krajewski S, Yamaguchi Y, Shibasaki F, McKeon F, Bobo T, Franke TF, Reed JC.
Title
Ca2+-induced apoptosis through calcineurin dephosphorylation of BAD.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Russelakis-Carneiro M, Maundrell K, Castilla J, Soto C
Title
Caspase-12 and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediate neurotoxicity of pathological prion protein.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamponi E, Pigino GF
Title
Protein Misfolding, Signaling Abnormalities and Altered Fast Axonal Transport: Implications for Alzheimer and Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamponi E, Buratti F, Cataldi G, Caicedo HH, Song Y, Jungbauer LM, LaDu MJ, Bisbal M, Lorenzo A, Ma J, Helguera PR, Morfini GA, Brady ST, Pigino GF
Title
Prion protein inhibits fast axonal transport through a mechanism involving casein kinase 2.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Schneider B, Pietri M, Pradines E, Loubet D, Launay JM, Kellermann O, Mouillet-Richard S
Title
Understanding the neurospecificity of Prion protein signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Didonna A
Title
Prion protein and its role in signal transduction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shah SZA, Zhao D, Hussain T, Yang L
Title
The Role of Unfolded Protein Response and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Focus on Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marella M, Gaggioli C, Batoz M, Deckert M, Tartare-Deckert S, Chabry J
Title
Pathological prion protein exposure switches on neuronal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway resulting in microglia recruitment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ishikura N, Clever JL, Bouzamondo-Bernstein E, Samayoa E, Prusiner SB, Huang EJ, DeArmond SJ
Title
Notch-1 activation and dendritic atrophy in prion disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dearmond SJ, Bajsarowicz K
Title
PrPSc accumulation in neuronal plasma membranes links Notch-1 activation to dendritic degeneration in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hirsch TZ, Martin-Lanneree S, Reine F, Hernandez-Rapp J, Herzog L, Dron M, Privat N, Passet B, Halliez S, Villa-Diaz A, Lacroux C, Klein V, Haik S, Andreoletti O, Torres JM, Vilotte JL, Beringue V, Mouillet-Richard S
Title
Epigenetic Control of the Notch and Eph Signaling Pathways by the Prion Protein: Implications for Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Aguzzi A, Zhu C
Title
Microglia in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mabbott NA
Title
The complement system in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mallucci G, Collinge J
Title
Rational targeting for prion therapeutics.
Journal
Related pathway
pcoq04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
pcoq04610 Complement and coagulation cascades
KO pathway