KEGG   PATHWAY: ppam04140
Entry
ppam04140                   Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Pteronotus mesoamericanus (Parnell's mustached bat)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
ppam04140  Autophagy - animal
ppam04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Pteronotus mesoamericanus (Parnell's mustached bat) [GN:ppam]
Gene
129061268  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
129061531  ATG4D; cysteine protease ATG4D [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
129061554  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
129061609  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
129061862  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650]
129062220  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
129062456  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
129062859  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 [KO:K21347]
129063121  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20184]
129063946  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
129064157  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
129064188  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129064331  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
129064336  [KO:K02927]
129064345  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
129064361  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129064607  RRAGB; ras-related GTP-binding protein B isoform X1 [KO:K16185]
129064756  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
129064836  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
129065002  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 isoform X1 [KO:K14381]
129065007  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129065204  WDR45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
129065422  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
129065641  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
129065657  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 [KO:K11248]
129065791  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
129065918  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17603]
129065952  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
129065977  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [KO:K08268]
129066012  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
129066231  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129066482  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
129066683  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
129066831  [KO:K02977]
129067066  [KO:K10802]
129067544  [KO:K02977]
129067575  [KO:K10802]
129067632  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
129067639  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
129067670  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 [KO:K08339]
129067781  STX7; syntaxin-7 isoform X1 [KO:K08488]
129068260  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
129068493  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
129068502  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
129068535  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129068593  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A [KO:K17906]
129068612  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
129068762  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
129068766  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 isoform X1 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129068786  UBB; polyubiquitin-B [KO:K08770]
129068865  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
129068920  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
129069262  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
129069326  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C isoform X1 [KO:K16186]
129069407  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
129069454  [KO:K02977]
129069554  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
129069687  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129069750  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
129069901  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
129069959  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21246]
129070208  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
129070236  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908]
129070681  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
129070755  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 [KO:K21247]
129070757  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
129070790  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
129070809  VPS16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]
129070919  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
129071128  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 [KO:K17606]
129071212  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07187]
129071299  [KO:K02927]
129071563  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129071567  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 [KO:K21248]
129071807  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X1 [KO:K19330]
129072049  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
129072324  GABARAP; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]
129072553  CTSB; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
129072623  ATG16L2; protein Atg16l2 [KO:K20868]
129072762  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein isoform X1 [KO:K21249]
129072892  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
129073033  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129073096  MAP1LC3C; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
129073113  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
129073482  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
129073678  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
129073753  [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129073757  [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129073777  [KO:K17606]
129073960  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
129074291  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129074590  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
129074630  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 [KO:K23610]
129074658  ATG10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X1 [KO:K17888]
129074851  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
129074944  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
129074969  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
129075184  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
129075535  [KO:K02927]
129075656  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129075675  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
129075846  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
129076160  [KO:K02927]
129076189  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
129076254  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
129076577  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
129076641  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129076768  [KO:K02927]
129076820  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
129076866  [KO:K21245]
129076867  [KO:K21245]
129078069  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129078155  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
129078223  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129078342  RRAGA; ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
129078361  [KO:K16185]
129078478  CTSL; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: procathepsin L [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
129078571  [KO:K10802]
129078690  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
129078695  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23883]
129078764  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
129079006  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
129079187  TSC1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
129079393  STX17; syntaxin-17 [KO:K08491]
129079764  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
129080111  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
129080179  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
129080305  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
129080333  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A isoform X1 [KO:K17907]
129080428  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
129080456  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
129080543  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
129080977  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K21245]
129081340  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
129081446  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform X1 [KO:K08331]
129081447  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
129081803  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
129082206  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
129082301  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
129082349  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange factor C9orf72 homolog [KO:K23609]
129082379  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
129082806  RRAS; ras-related protein R-Ras [KO:K07829]
129082947  AKT1S1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16184]
129083057  [KO:K10802]
129083136  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
129083598  TSC2; tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]
129083602  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
129083615  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129083891  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 [KO:K08336]
129084168  [KO:K10435]
129084300  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein [KO:K20402]
129084586  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
129084707  [KO:K02927]
129084969  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
129085023  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
129085376  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129085380  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
129085559  EIF2AK3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129085950  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20179]
129086248  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129086369  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
129086420  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 [KO:K23282]
129086443  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
129086631  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR [KO:K07204]
129086737  ATG9B; autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
129086755  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
129086898  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
129087026  BECN1; beclin-1 [KO:K08334]
129087112  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
129087139  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type isoform X1 [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
129087151  UBC; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
129087164  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A isoform X1 [KO:K20182]
129087376  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
129087425  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129087685  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
129087905  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
129087922  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
129088049  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]
129088062  [KO:K02927]
129088211  [KO:K02977]
129088220  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
129088253  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
129088291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
129088421  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras [KO:K07831]
129088423  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129088426  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
ppam04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ppam04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
ppam04142  Lysosome
ppam04150  mTOR signaling pathway
ppam04152  AMPK signaling pathway
ppam04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   

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