Entry Name Cholinergic synapse - Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee)
Description Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) [GN:
ptr ]
Gene 100608170 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805 ]
100609242 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 isoform X1 [KO:K04347 ]
100611153 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
100611518 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
100612078 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
107968762 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
107969673 GNG14; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
107969769 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X2 [KO:K04544 ]
129135368 KCNJ2; potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 2 [KO:K04996 ]
450173 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04534 ]
450957 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926 ]
451272 CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129 ]
451290 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
451704 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K09048 ]
453330 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
453570 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04815 ]
455085 PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
455766 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X3 [KO:K04344 ]
456565 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X2 [KO:K02649 ]
456800 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 isoform X3 [KO:K04929 ]
456977 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
457093 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
457341 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
457922 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
458093 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X5 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
459901 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
460134 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958 ]
460447 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X20 [KO:K04851 ]
460858 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
460862 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
461445 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X3 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
461836 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649 ]
462189 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
462618 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
462817 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930 ]
463318 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X11 [KO:K09047 ]
463649 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
463758 CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130 ]
464403 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 isoform X2 [KO:K04928 ]
464893 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
465081 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
466071 SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636 ]
466504 CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132 ]
466915 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
467457 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
467639 CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04809 ]
468378 KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 isoform X2 [KO:K05005 ]
468672 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X4 [KO:K09048 ]
468940 KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
469367 PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X6 [KO:K04345 ] [EC:2.7.11.11 ]
469458 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
469635 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
469725 CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 isoform X1 [KO:K04131 ]
469875 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
469999 CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 precursor [KO:K04806 ]
470209 KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998 ]
470492 SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387 ]
471079 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
472425 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
472750 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 precursor [KO:K04808 ]
472962 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634 ]
473389 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X2 [KO:K04959 ]
474111 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
503515 CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133 ]
737029 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997 ]
738167 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
738330 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X4 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
738409 BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161 ]
738928 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
739390 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X7 [KO:K04927 ]
739897 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
740303 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813 ]
740711 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
740869 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
743331 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
744391 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
744513 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04374 ]
744773 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
745402 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
746196 PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
747170 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
747185 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
749133 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference Authors Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference Authors Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference Authors Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal Reference Authors Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal Reference Authors Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference Authors Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal Reference Authors Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Brown DA
Title Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Chang KT, Berg DK
Title Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal Reference Authors Soreq H, Seidman S
Title Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal Reference Authors Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal Reference Authors Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal Reference Authors Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal Reference Authors Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal Related KO pathway
