Entry |
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Name |
Glioma - Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan)
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Description |
Gliomas are the most common of the primary brain tumors and account for more than 40% of all central nervous system neoplasms. Gliomas include tumours that are composed predominantly of astrocytes (astrocytomas), oligodendrocytes (oligodendrogliomas), mixtures of various glial cells (for example,oligoastrocytomas) and ependymal cells (ependymomas). The most malignant form of infiltrating astrocytoma - glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) - is one of the most aggressive human cancers. GBM may develop de novo (primary glioblastoma) or by progression from low-grade or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma). Primary glioblastomas develop in older patients and typically show genetic alterations (EGFR amplification, p16/INK4a deletion, and PTEN mutations) at frequencies of 24-34%. Secondary glioblastomas develop in younger patients and frequently show overexpression of PDGF and CDK4 as well as p53 mutations (65%) and loss of Rb playing major roles in such transformations. Loss of PTEN has been implicated in both pathways, although it is much more common in the pathogenesis of primary GBM.
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Class |
Human Diseases; Cancer: specific types
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Pathway map |

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Organism |
Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) [GN: pon]
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Gene |
100440212 | PDGFA; platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform X1 [KO:K04359] |
100450941 | PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X2 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11] |
100451658 | CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183] |
100433531 | CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17] |
100462386 | CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17] |
100436747 | CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17] |
100432846 | PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153] |
100453779 | PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153] |
103889133 | PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153] |
100174298 | PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649] |
100173589 | PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649] |
100437617 | PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649] |
100436665 | GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402] |
100452809 | GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402] |
100456437 | GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402] |
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Compound |
C01245 | D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate |
C05981 | Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Soni D, King JA, Kaye AH, Hovens CM. |
Title |
Genetics of glioblastoma multiforme: mitogenic signaling and cell cycle pathways converge. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Zhu Y, Parada LF. |
Title |
The molecular and genetic basis of neurological tumours. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Holland EC. |
Title |
Gliomagenesis: genetic alterations and mouse models. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Bansal K, Liang ML, Rutka JT. |
Title |
Molecular biology of human gliomas. |
Journal |
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Reference |
(Japanese) |
Authors |
Tabuchi K (ed). |
Title |
[Gliomas: Research and therapy] (In Japanese) |
Journal |
Springer-Verlag Tokyo (2006) |
Reference |
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Authors |
Kapoor GS, O'Rourke DM. |
Title |
Mitogenic signaling cascades in glial tumors. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Hulleman E, Helin K. |
Title |
Molecular mechanisms in gliomagenesis. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Schlessinger J. |
Title |
Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Ng HK, Lam PY. |
Title |
The molecular genetics of central nervous system tumors. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Knobbe CB, Merlo A, Reifenberger G. |
Title |
Pten signaling in gliomas. |
Journal |
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Related pathway |
pon04060 | Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction |
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KO pathway |
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LinkDB |
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