KEGG   PATHWAY: pvp04725
Entry
pvp04725                    Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
pvp04725  Cholinergic synapse
pvp04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox) [GN:pvp]
Gene
105288254  KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998]
105288600  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
105288758  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
105288781  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105288850  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105288866  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X2 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
105288946  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
105288947  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
105289063  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
105289068  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
105289326  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105289813  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105290017  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
105290070  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
105291261  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
105291351  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290]
105291464  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997]
105291624  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
105291625  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
105292074  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534]
105292087  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105292717  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X2 [KO:K02161]
105293217  [KO:K09047]
105294059  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X2 [KO:K07827]
105294112  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
105294373  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
105294383  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548]
105295155  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
105295171  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
105295260  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
105295473  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV isoform X1 [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
105295517  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
105295807  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
105295886  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
105295952  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
105296449  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
105296460  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048]
105296550  NRAS; GTPase NRas isoform X1 [KO:K07828]
105296605  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
105296936  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
105297140  [KO:K02649]
105297202  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
105297298  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
105297518  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105297702  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105297807  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 isoform X2 [KO:K04540]
105297824  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
105297846  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105298070  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
105298404  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
105298593  CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849]
105298702  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105298737  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105298934  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
105299213  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
105299371  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K02649]
105299441  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
105299444  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
105299523  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
105299581  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105299727  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase isoform X3 [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
105299738  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
105300159  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105300332  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105300436  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
105300583  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808]
105301042  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
105301246  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928]
105301250  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105301459  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806]
105301460  KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 [KO:K04927]
105301775  [KO:K05007]
105302057  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387]
105302452  [KO:K04634]
105302718  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04541]
105302767  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
105303095  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105303192  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
105303281  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 isoform X4 [KO:K04547]
105303584  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
105303899  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105304062  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929]
105304166  [KO:K05005]
105304198  [KO:K05007]
105304363  CACNA1D; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851]
105304566  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105305681  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930]
105305933  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
105306466  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
105306745  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
105307158  GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347]
105307194  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344]
105307215  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105307274  GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549]
105307287  [KO:K04809]
105307328  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04805]
105307336  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815]
105307521  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
105307575  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105307968  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
105308299  [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105308501  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
105308762  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
105308818  [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105308956  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X2 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
105309056  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
105309385  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
105309400  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
105309462  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
105309827  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
105310269  [KO:K04543]
105311212  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
111744611  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
pvp00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
pvp04010  MAPK signaling pathway
pvp04020  Calcium signaling pathway
pvp04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
pvp04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   

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