KEGG   PATHWAY: umr04725
Entry
umr04725                    Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Ursus maritimus (polar bear)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
umr04725  Cholinergic synapse
umr04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Ursus maritimus (polar bear) [GN:umr]
Gene
103656186  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
103656745  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928]
103657071  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544]
103657092  KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007]
103657474  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 [KO:K04930]
103657769  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
103657827  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103658483  [KO:K05005]
103658731  [KO:K04548]
103658734  [KO:K04546]
103658775  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
103658932  [KO:K09047]
103659471  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997]
103659802  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
103659968  CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04809]
103660320  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805]
103660321  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04815]
103660496  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290]
103660497  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 [KO:K21290]
103660550  GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549]
103660566  KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 [KO:K04927]
103660567  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806]
103661038  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103661704  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103661761  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X3 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103661898  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
103662000  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
103662972  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103663028  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
103663109  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
103663212  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 isoform X1 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103663281  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
103663361  [KO:K04545]
103663617  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K02649]
103664598  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103665244  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
103665275  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
103665553  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
103665689  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
103665907  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103666688  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103666874  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103667087  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
103667625  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
103668027  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103668060  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
103668061  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
103668409  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
103668461  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
103668547  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103668715  CHRNB2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
103668895  PRKCB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103669052  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
103669054  CHRM2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
103669173  [KO:K02833]
103669286  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103669422  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
103669597  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
103670041  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
103670049  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase isoform X2 [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
103670656  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387]
103670766  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
103670928  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929]
103671011  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
103671035  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X3 [KO:K02833]
103671125  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
103671685  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103672391  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
103672393  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
103672837  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
103672914  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103673159  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
103673502  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
103673552  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103673898  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
103673916  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103674425  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103674426  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103674633  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103674675  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103674683  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103674739  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
103674803  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
103675000  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
103675162  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
103675324  CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849]
103675618  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103675706  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
103675811  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103676121  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04538]
103676125  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103676164  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
103676372  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
103676529  [KO:K04998]
103676755  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539]
103676878  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103676988  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn isoform X1 [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103677049  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808]
103678196  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
103678244  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
103678592  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103678657  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
103678826  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103679064  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103679250  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103679331  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X2 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103679549  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103681653  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
103681679  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
103681813  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
103682042  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
103682158  GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 isoform X1 [KO:K04347]
103682183  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103682191  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344]
121099746  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121102629  [KO:K05005]
121104357  [KO:K04998]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
umr00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
umr04010  MAPK signaling pathway
umr04020  Calcium signaling pathway
umr04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
umr04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   

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