Entry Name Thyroid cancer - Homo sapiens (human)
Description Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and accounts for the majority of endocrine cancer- related deaths each year. More than 95% of thyroid carcinomas are derived from follicular cells. Their behavior varies from the indolent growing, well-differentiated papillary and follicular carcinomas (PTC and FTC, respectively) to the extremely aggressive undifferentiated carcinoma (UC). Somatic rearrangements of RET and TRK are almost exclusively found in PTC and may be found in early stages. The most distinctive molecular features of FTC are the prominence of aneuploidy and the high prevalence of RAS mutations and PAX8-PPAR{gamma} rearrangements. p53 seems to play a crucial role in the dedifferentiation process of thyroid carcinoma.
Class Human Diseases; Cancer: specific typesBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Network Element N00008 RET fusion kinase to RAS-ERK signaling pathway
N00009 TRK fusion kinase to RAS-ERK signaling pathway
N00012 Mutation-activated KRAS/NRAS to ERK signaling pathway
N00013 Mutation-activated BRAF to ERK signaling pathway
N00061 CDH1-reduced expression to beta-catenin signaling pathway
N00115 Mutation-inactivated TP53 to transcription
N00126 PAX8-PPARG fusion to PPARG-mediated transcription
Disease Drug D06272 Sorafenib tosylate (USAN)
D06407 Vandetanib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D09920 Lenvatinib mesylate (USAN)
D10176 Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide (JAN/USAN)
D10604 Binimetinib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D11053 Encorafenib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D11713 Selpercatinib (JAN/USAN/INN)
Organism Homo sapiens (human) [GN:
hsa ]
Gene 1026 CDKN1A; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [KO:K06625 ]
10342 TFG; trafficking from ER to golgi regulator [KO:K09292 ]
10912 GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gamma [KO:K04402 ]
1643 DDB2; damage specific DNA binding protein 2 [KO:K10140 ]
1647 GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha [KO:K04402 ]
3265 HRAS; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833 ]
3845 KRAS; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827 ]
4609 MYC; MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor [KO:K04377 ]
4616 GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta [KO:K04402 ]
4893 NRAS; NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07828 ]
51176 LEF1; lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 [KO:K04492 ]
5468 PPARG; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma [KO:K08530 ]
578 BAK1; BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 [KO:K14021 ]
581 BAX; BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator [KO:K02159 ]
6934 TCF7L2; transcription factor 7 like 2 [KO:K04491 ]
7175 TPR; translocated promoter region, nuclear basket protein [KO:K09291 ]
8030 CCDC6; coiled-coil domain containing 6 [KO:K09288 ]
8031 NCOA4; nuclear receptor coactivator 4 [KO:K09289 ]
83439 TCF7L1; transcription factor 7 like 1 [KO:K04490 ]
Reference Authors Kondo T, Ezzat S, Asa SL.
Title Pathogenetic mechanisms in thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia.
Journal Reference Authors Chiloeches A, Marais R.
Title Is BRAF the Achilles' Heel of thyroid cancer?
Journal Reference Authors Reddi HV, McIver B, Grebe SK, Eberhardt NL
Title The paired box-8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma oncogene in thyroid tumorigenesis.
Journal Reference Authors Santoro M, Melillo RM, Fusco A.
Title RET/PTC activation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: European Journal of Endocrinology Prize Lecture.
Journal Reference Authors Pierotti MA, Greco A.
Title Oncogenic rearrangements of the NTRK1/NGF receptor.
Journal Reference Authors Sobrinho-Simoes M, Preto A, Rocha AS, Castro P, Maximo V, Fonseca E, Soares P.
Title Molecular pathology of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
Journal Reference Authors Gimm O.
Title Thyroid cancer.
Journal Reference Authors Williams D.
Title Cancer after nuclear fallout: lessons from the Chernobyl accident.
Journal Related KO pathway
