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Entry
Name
Diabetic cardiomyopathy - Trachypithecus francoisi (Francois's langur)
Description
Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been defined as left ventricular dysfunction that occurs among patients with diabetes mellitus independent of a recognized cause such as coronary artery disease or hypertension. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy broadly involves hyperglycemia, increased circulating fatty acids, and insulin resistance contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired calcium metabolism, Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) activation, and altered substrate metabolism. These effects result in cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte death, contractile dysfunction, endothelial cell damage and eventually heart failure. In the process of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac fibroblasts are the final effector cell.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Trachypithecus francoisi (Francois's langur) [GN:
tfn ]
Gene
117092745 SLC2A1; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 [KO:K07299 ]
117067797 SLC2A4; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 [KO:K07191 ]
117081990 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
117073301 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
117065600 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
117085812 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
117086989 AGER; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform X1 [KO:K19722 ]
117073672 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
117085710 NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580 ]
117075968 TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein isoform X1 [KO:K13375 ]
117074794 TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein isoform X1 [KO:K13376 ]
117096318 PPARA; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K07294 ]
117072993 PTPA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X1 [KO:K17605 ]
117094439 IRS1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172 ]
117083761 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117084122 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117093348 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117065206 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117092662 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117075022 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
117072095 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2-like [KO:K22139 ]
117078518 PDHA1; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
117086397 PDHA2; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
117064141 NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03943 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117095835 NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
117089611 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
117077312 NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
117096655 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2-like [KO:K03946 ]
117065757 NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
117087695 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947 ]
117063629 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947 ]
117093658 NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03947 ]
117089896 NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
117095320 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4-like [KO:K03948 ]
117097361 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like [KO:K03949 ]
117072292 NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949 ]
117084391 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like [KO:K03949 ]
117076830 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
117096387 NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
117076742 NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
117098726 NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03952 ]
117090671 NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
117094305 NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
117093644 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03955 ]
117075517 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11-like [KO:K03956 ]
117075518 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11-like [KO:K03956 ]
117075723 NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 isoform X1 [KO:K03956 ]
117089604 NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 isoform X1 [KO:K11352 ]
117076644 NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 isoform X1 [KO:K11353 ]
117071524 NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
117063948 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
117072298 NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
117079196 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
117071184 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959 ]
117095227 NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
117071291 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960 ]
117083450 NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
117084440 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960 ]
117068009 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960 ]
117083769 NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03961 ]
117098709 NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03962 ]
117069703 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7-like [KO:K03963 ]
117076186 NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
117069794 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03964 ]
117068386 NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
117079542 NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
117097828 NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
117078337 NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
117086072 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial-like [KO:K11351 ]
117094614 NDUFS1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03934 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117076373 NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117080186 NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117065109 NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03937 ]
117065203 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
117092829 NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03938 ]
117075209 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
117064716 NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
117076663 NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117080942 NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117085925 NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
117064660 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
117064675 SDHA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
117064676 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
117062944 succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
117093237 SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
117074342 SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
117092766 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00236 ]
117074969 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00236 ]
117073294 SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
117079304 cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00413 ]
117080933 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00414 ]
117092657 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416 ]
117068615 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02263 ]
117088155 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
117073003 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02263 ]
117087707 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02266 ]
117078078 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02270 ]
117062413 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270 ]
117081585 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8B, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02273 ]
117071177 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02136 ]
117082510 ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02136 ]
117070400 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02127 ]
117074996 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02127 ]
117076037 ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02127 ]
117062157 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
117090028 ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02128 ]
117099787 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
117082240 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
117075702 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
117067177 ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
117094831 ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
117095627 ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial [KO:K02131 ]
117098307 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1-like [KO:K05862 ]
117065867 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
117082746 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15040 ]
117095701 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
117063928 SMAD2; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04500 ]
117070466 SMAD3; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 isoform X1 [KO:K23605 ]
117070870 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
117068469 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
117068471 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
Compound
C00043 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
C00118 D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C00236 3-Phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate
C00352 D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C06156 alpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
Authors
Riehle C, Bauersachs J
Title
Of mice and men: models and mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lorenzo-Almoros A, Tunon J, Orejas M, Cortes M, Egido J, Lorenzo O
Title
Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tan Y, Zhang Z, Zheng C, Wintergerst KA, Keller BB, Cai L
Title
Mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential therapeutic strategies: preclinical and clinical evidence.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamora M, Villena JA
Title
Contribution of Impaired Insulin Signaling to the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Palomer X, Pizarro-Delgado J, Vazquez-Carrera M
Title
Emerging Actors in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Heartbreaker Biomarkers or Therapeutic Targets?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mishra PK, Ying W, Nandi SS, Bandyopadhyay GK, Patel KK, Mahata SK
Title
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Immunometabolic Perspective.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chong CR, Clarke K, Levelt E
Title
Metabolic Remodeling in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brownlee M
Title
Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gollmer J, Zirlik A, Bugger H
Title
Established and Emerging Mechanisms of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Boudina S, Abel ED
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Varma U, Koutsifeli P, Benson VL, Mellor KM, Delbridge LMD
Title
Molecular mechanisms of cardiac pathology in diabetes - Experimental insights.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mandavia CH, Aroor AR, Demarco VG, Sowers JR
Title
Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Falcao-Pires I, Leite-Moreira AF
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: understanding the molecular and cellular basis to progress in diagnosis and treatment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Westermeier F, Riquelme JA, Pavez M, Garrido V, Diaz A, Verdejo HE, Castro PF, Garcia L, Lavandero S
Title
New Molecular Insights of Insulin in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Randhawa VK, Dhanvantari S, Connelly K
Title
How Diabetes and Heart Failure Modulate Each Other and Condition Management.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Athithan L, Gulsin GS, McCann GP, Levelt E
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, theories and evidence to date.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Murarka S, Movahed MR
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Thomas CM, Yong QC, Rosa RM, Seqqat R, Gopal S, Casarini DE, Jones WK, Gupta S, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Cardiac-specific suppression of NF-kappaB signaling prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brahma MK, Pepin ME, Wende AR
Title
My Sweetheart Is Broken: Role of Glucose in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Singh VP, Le B, Khode R, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Intracellular angiotensin II production in diabetic rats is correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Singh VP, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Activation of the intracellular renin-angiotensin system in cardiac fibroblasts by high glucose: role in extracellular matrix production.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jia G, DeMarco VG, Sowers JR
Title
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim JA, Wei Y, Sowers JR
Title
Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuniga FA
Title
Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Evangelista I, Nuti R, Picchioni T, Dotta F, Palazzuoli A
Title
Molecular Dysfunction and Phenotypic Derangement in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Joshi M, Kotha SR, Malireddy S, Selvaraju V, Satoskar AR, Palesty A, McFadden DW, Parinandi NL, Maulik N
Title
Conundrum of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Knapp M, Tu X, Wu R
Title
Vascular endothelial dysfunction, a major mediator in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Asbun J, Villarreal FJ
Title
The pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Levick SP, Widiapradja A
Title
The Diabetic Cardiac Fibroblast: Mechanisms Underlying Phenotype and Function.
Journal
Related pathway
tfn00520 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
tfn04933 AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway
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