KEGG   PATHWAY: ko05415
Entry
ko05415                     Pathway                                
Name
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Description
Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been defined as left ventricular dysfunction that occurs among patients with diabetes mellitus independent of a recognized cause such as coronary artery disease or hypertension. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy broadly involves hyperglycemia, increased circulating fatty acids, and insulin resistance contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired calcium metabolism, Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) activation, and altered substrate metabolism. These effects result in cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte death, contractile dysfunction, endothelial cell damage and eventually heart failure. In the process of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac fibroblasts are the final effector cell.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
Pathway map
ko05415  Diabetic cardiomyopathy
ko05415

Disease
H02498  Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Orthology
K00036  G6PD, zwf; glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.49 1.1.1.363]
K00134  GAPDH, gapA; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) [EC:1.2.1.12]
K00161  PDHA; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha [EC:1.2.4.1]
K00162  PDHB; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta [EC:1.2.4.1]
K00234  SDHA, SDH1; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein subunit [EC:1.3.5.1]
K00235  SDHB, SDH2; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur subunit [EC:1.3.5.1]
K00236  SDHC, SDH3; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) cytochrome b560 subunit
K00237  SDHD, SDH4; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) membrane anchor subunit
K00383  GSR, gor; glutathione reductase (NADPH) [EC:1.8.1.7]
K00411  UQCRFS1, RIP1, petA; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur subunit [EC:7.1.1.8]
K00412  CYTB, petB; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase cytochrome b subunit
K00413  CYC1, CYT1, petC; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase cytochrome c1 subunit
K00414  QCR1, UQCRC1; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core subunit 1
K00415  QCR2, UQCRC2; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core subunit 2
K00416  QCR6, UQCRH; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 6
K00417  QCR7, UQCRB; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 7
K00418  QCR8, UQCRQ; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 8
K00419  QCR9, UCRC; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 9
K00420  QCR10, UQCR; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 10
K00693  GYS; glycogen synthase [EC:2.4.1.11]
K00820  glmS, GFPT; glutamine---fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing) [EC:2.6.1.16]
K00898  PDK2_3_4; pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2/3/4 [EC:2.7.11.2]
K00922  PIK3CA_B_D; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha/beta/delta [EC:2.7.1.153]
K01110  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
K01283  ACE, CD143; peptidyl-dipeptidase A [EC:3.4.15.1]
K01329  CMA1; chymase [EC:3.4.21.39]
K01379  CTSD; cathepsin D [EC:3.4.23.5]
K01380  REN; renin [EC:3.4.23.15]
K01398  MMP2; matrix metalloproteinase-2 (gelatinase A) [EC:3.4.24.24]
K01403  MMP9; matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) [EC:3.4.24.35]
K02125  ATPeF08, MTATP8, ATP8; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit 8
K02126  ATPeF0A, MTATP6, ATP6; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit a
K02127  ATPeF0B, ATP5F1, ATP4; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit b
K02128  ATPeF0C, ATP5G, ATP9; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit c
K02131  ATPeF0F6, ATP5J; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit 6
K02132  ATPeF1A, ATP5A1, ATP1; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit alpha
K02133  ATPeF1B, ATP5B, ATP2; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit beta [EC:7.1.2.2]
K02134  ATPeF1D, ATP5D, ATP16; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit delta
K02135  ATPeF1E, ATP5E, ATP15; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit epsilon
K02136  ATPeF1G, ATP5C1, ATP3; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit gamma
K02137  ATPeF0O, ATP5O, ATP5; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit O
K02138  ATPeF0D, ATP5H, ATP7; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit d
K02256  COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 [EC:7.1.1.9]
K02261  COX2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2
K02262  COX3; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3
K02263  COX4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4
K02264  COX5A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5a
K02265  COX5B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5b
K02266  COX6A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6a
K02267  COX6B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6b
K02268  COX6C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6c
K02270  COX7A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7a
K02271  COX7B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7b
K02272  COX7C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7c
K02273  COX8; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8
K02580  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
K02649  PIK3R1_2_3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/delta
K02677  PRKCA; classical protein kinase C alpha type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K03083  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta [EC:2.7.11.26]
K03878  ND1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03879  ND2; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03880  ND3; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03881  ND4; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03882  ND4L; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03883  ND5; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03884  ND6; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03934  NDUFS1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03935  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 2 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03936  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 3 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03937  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 4
K03938  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5
K03939  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 6
K03940  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 7 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03941  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 8 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03942  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03943  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03944  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 3
K03945  NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1
K03946  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2
K03947  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3
K03948  NDUFA4; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4
K03949  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5
K03950  NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6
K03951  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7
K03952  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8
K03953  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9
K03954  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10
K03955  NDUFAB1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha/beta subcomplex 1, acyl-carrier protein
K03956  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11
K03957  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1
K03958  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2
K03959  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3
K03960  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4
K03961  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5
K03962  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6
K03963  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7
K03964  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8
K03965  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9
K03966  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10
K03967  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 subunit C1
K03968  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 subunit C2
K04166  AGTR1; angiotensin II receptor type 1
K04388  TGFBR2; TGF-beta receptor type-2 [EC:2.7.11.30]
K04392  RAC1; Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
K04440  JNK; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/9/10 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04441  P38; p38 MAP kinase [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04456  AKT; RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1]
K04500  SMAD2; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2
K04515  CAMK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II [EC:2.7.11.17]
K04526  INS; insulin
K04527  INSR, CD220; insulin receptor [EC:2.7.10.1]
K04674  TGFBR1, ALK5; TGF-beta receptor type-1 [EC:2.7.11.30]
K04684  SP1; transcription factor Sp1
K04735  RELA; transcription factor p65
K04962  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2
K05852  PLN; phospholamban
K05853  ATP2A; P-type Ca2+ transporter type 2A [EC:7.2.2.10]
K05858  PLCB; phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, beta [EC:3.1.4.11]
K05862  VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion channel protein 1
K05863  SLC25A4S, ANT; solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4/5/6/31
K06068  PRKCD; novel protein kinase C delta type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K06236  COL1A; collagen type I alpha
K06259  CD36; CD36 antigen
K06269  PPP1C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1 catalytic subunit [EC:3.1.3.16]
K07191  SLC2A4, GLUT4; MFS transporter, SP family, solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4
K07203  MTOR, FRAP, TOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [EC:2.7.11.1]
K07294  NR1C1, PPARA; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
K07299  SLC2A1, GLUT1; MFS transporter, SP family, solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1
K07860  RAC2; Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2
K08009  CYBA, P22PHOX; cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide
K08010  NCF2, P67PHOX; neutrophil cytosolic factor 2
K08011  NCF1, P47PHOX; neutrophil cytosolic factor 1
K08012  NCF4, P40PHOX; neutrophil cytosolic factor 4
K08766  CPT2; carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2 [EC:2.3.1.21]
K09565  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl isomerase F (cyclophilin D) [EC:5.2.1.8]
K09821  AGT, SERPINA8; angiotensinogen
K11351  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11
K11352  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12
K11353  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13
K12044  TNNI3; troponin I, cardiac muscle
K13242  NOS3; nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial [EC:1.14.13.39]
K13375  TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta-1
K13376  TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta-2
K13377  TGFB3; transforming growth factor beta-3
K15040  VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion channel protein 2
K15041  VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion channel protein 3
K16172  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1
K17605  PPP2R4, PTPA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator
K17902  TBC1D4, AS160; TBC1 domain family member 4
K18952  PRKCZ; atypical protein kinase C zeta type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K19523  CPT1B; carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform [EC:2.3.1.21]
K19662  PRKCB; classical protein kinase C beta type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K19663  PRKCG; classical protein kinase C gamma type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K19720  COL3A; collagen type III alpha
K19722  AGER, RAGE; receptor for advanced glycosylation end products
K21421  NOX2, GP91, CYBB; NADPH oxidase 2 [EC:1.-.-.-]
K22138  MPC1; mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1
K22139  MPC2; mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2
K23605  SMAD3; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
K24070  PARP1; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1
Compound
C00001  H2O
C00002  ATP
C00005  NADPH
C00006  NADP+
C00022  Pyruvate
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00031  D-Glucose
C00043  UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
C00051  Glutathione
C00076  Calcium cation
C00085  D-Fructose 6-phosphate
C00092  D-Glucose 6-phosphate
C00095  D-Fructose
C00118  D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C00127  Glutathione disulfide
C00162  Fatty acid
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00195  N-Acylsphingosine
C00236  3-Phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate
C00318  L-Carnitine
C00352  D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate
C00369  Starch
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00546  Methylglyoxal
C00704  Superoxide
C00794  D-Sorbitol
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C02843  Long-chain acyl-CoA
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C06156  alpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate
C16844  Hydroxyl radical
C21011  [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012  [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
C21013  [Protein]-pyrraline
C21014  [Protein]-pentosidine
C22310  Fructose 3-phosphate
C22311  3-Deoxyglucosone
Reference
PMID:30443826
  Authors
Riehle C, Bauersachs J
  Title
Of mice and men: models and mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Basic Res Cardiol 114:2 (2018)
DOI:10.1007/s00395-018-0711-0
Reference
PMID:24462787
  Authors
Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH
  Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways.
  Journal
Pharmacol Ther 142:375-415 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003
Reference
PMID:28231848
  Authors
Lorenzo-Almoros A, Tunon J, Orejas M, Cortes M, Egido J, Lorenzo O
  Title
Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Cardiovasc Diabetol 16:28 (2017)
DOI:10.1186/s12933-017-0506-x
Reference
PMID:32080423
  Authors
Tan Y, Zhang Z, Zheng C, Wintergerst KA, Keller BB, Cai L
  Title
Mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential therapeutic strategies: preclinical and clinical evidence.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cardiol 17:585-607 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41569-020-0339-2
Reference
PMID:31212580
  Authors
Zamora M, Villena JA
  Title
Contribution of Impaired Insulin Signaling to the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 20:E2833 (2019)
DOI:10.3390/ijms20112833
Reference
PMID:29605388
  Authors
Palomer X, Pizarro-Delgado J, Vazquez-Carrera M
  Title
Emerging Actors in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Heartbreaker Biomarkers or Therapeutic Targets?
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 39:452-467 (2018)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.010
Reference
PMID:28439258
  Authors
Mishra PK, Ying W, Nandi SS, Bandyopadhyay GK, Patel KK, Mahata SK
  Title
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Immunometabolic Perspective.
  Journal
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8:72 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fendo.2017.00072
Reference
PMID:28177068
  Authors
Chong CR, Clarke K, Levelt E
  Title
Metabolic Remodeling in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Cardiovasc Res 113:422-430 (2017)
DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvx018
Reference
PMID:11742414
  Authors
Brownlee M
  Title
Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications.
  Journal
Nature 414:813-20 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/414813a
Reference
PMID:32821697
  Authors
Gollmer J, Zirlik A, Bugger H
  Title
Established and Emerging Mechanisms of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
J Lipid Atheroscler 8:26-47 (2019)
DOI:10.12997/jla.2019.8.1.26
Reference
PMID:17592090
  Authors
Boudina S, Abel ED
  Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited.
  Journal
Circulation 115:3213-23 (2007)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.679597
Reference
PMID:29109032
  Authors
Varma U, Koutsifeli P, Benson VL, Mellor KM, Delbridge LMD
  Title
Molecular mechanisms of cardiac pathology in diabetes - Experimental insights.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1864:1949-1959 (2018)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.035
Reference
PMID:23147391
  Authors
Mandavia CH, Aroor AR, Demarco VG, Sowers JR
  Title
Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes.
  Journal
Life Sci 92:601-8 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.028
Reference
PMID:21626163
  Authors
Falcao-Pires I, Leite-Moreira AF
  Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: understanding the molecular and cellular basis to progress in diagnosis and treatment.
  Journal
Heart Fail Rev 17:325-44 (2012)
DOI:10.1007/s10741-011-9257-z
Reference
PMID:27148064
  Authors
Westermeier F, Riquelme JA, Pavez M, Garrido V, Diaz A, Verdejo HE, Castro PF, Garcia L, Lavandero S
  Title
New Molecular Insights of Insulin in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Front Physiol 7:125 (2016)
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2016.00125
Reference
PMID:33276047
  Authors
Randhawa VK, Dhanvantari S, Connelly K
  Title
How Diabetes and Heart Failure Modulate Each Other and Condition Management.
  Journal
Can J Cardiol S0828-282X(20)31115-6 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.11.014
Reference
PMID:31641426
  Authors
Athithan L, Gulsin GS, McCann GP, Levelt E
  Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, theories and evidence to date.
  Journal
World J Diabetes 10:490-510 (2019)
DOI:10.4239/wjd.v10.i10.490
Reference
PMID:21111987
  Authors
Murarka S, Movahed MR
  Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
J Card Fail 16:971-9 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.07.249
Reference
PMID:25085967
  Authors
Thomas CM, Yong QC, Rosa RM, Seqqat R, Gopal S, Casarini DE, Jones WK, Gupta S, Baker KM, Kumar R
  Title
Cardiac-specific suppression of NF-kappaB signaling prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 307:H1036-45 (2014)
DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00340.2014
Reference
PMID:28236380
  Authors
Brahma MK, Pepin ME, Wende AR
  Title
My Sweetheart Is Broken: Role of Glucose in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Diabetes Metab J 41:1-9 (2017)
DOI:10.4093/dmj.2017.41.1.1
Reference
PMID:18829990
  Authors
Singh VP, Le B, Khode R, Baker KM, Kumar R
  Title
Intracellular angiotensin II production in diabetic rats is correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis.
  Journal
Diabetes 57:3297-306 (2008)
DOI:10.2337/db08-0805
Reference
PMID:18296558
  Authors
Singh VP, Baker KM, Kumar R
  Title
Activation of the intracellular renin-angiotensin system in cardiac fibroblasts by high glucose: role in extracellular matrix production.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294:H1675-84 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.91493.2007
Reference
PMID:26678809
  Authors
Jia G, DeMarco VG, Sowers JR
  Title
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Nat Rev Endocrinol 12:144-53 (2016)
DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2015.216
Reference
PMID:18309108
  Authors
Kim JA, Wei Y, Sowers JR
  Title
Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistance.
  Journal
Circ Res 102:401-14 (2008)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.165472
Reference
PMID:30170598
  Authors
Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuniga FA
  Title
Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease.
  Journal
Cardiovasc Diabetol 17:122 (2018)
DOI:10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4
Reference
PMID:31269778
  Authors
Evangelista I, Nuti R, Picchioni T, Dotta F, Palazzuoli A
  Title
Molecular Dysfunction and Phenotypic Derangement in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 20:E3264 (2019)
DOI:10.3390/ijms20133264
Reference
PMID:24307101
  Authors
Joshi M, Kotha SR, Malireddy S, Selvaraju V, Satoskar AR, Palesty A, McFadden DW, Parinandi NL, Maulik N
  Title
Conundrum of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria.
  Journal
Mol Cell Biochem 386:233-49 (2014)
DOI:10.1007/s11010-013-1861-x
Reference
PMID:29867137
  Authors
Knapp M, Tu X, Wu R
  Title
Vascular endothelial dysfunction, a major mediator in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Acta Pharmacol Sin 40:1-8 (2019)
DOI:10.1038/s41401-018-0042-6
Reference
PMID:16487830
  Authors
Asbun J, Villarreal FJ
  Title
The pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
J Am Coll Cardiol 47:693-700 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.050
Reference
PMID:32024054
  Authors
Levick SP, Widiapradja A
  Title
The Diabetic Cardiac Fibroblast: Mechanisms Underlying Phenotype and Function.
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E970 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21030970
Related
pathway
ko00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
ko00020  Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
ko00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
ko00520  Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
ko03320  PPAR signaling pathway
ko04071  Sphingolipid signaling pathway
ko04150  mTOR signaling pathway
ko04210  Apoptosis
ko04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
ko04350  TGF-beta signaling pathway
ko04614  Renin-angiotensin system
ko04910  Insulin signaling pathway
ko04930  Type II diabetes mellitus
ko04931  Insulin resistance
ko04933  AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
ko04940  Type I diabetes mellitus

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