KEGG   PATHWAY: mlx04140
Entry
mlx04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
mlx04140  Autophagy - animal
mlx04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) [GN:mlx]
Gene
117997857  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
117998320  AKT1S1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16184]
117998347  RRAS; ras-related protein R-Ras [KO:K07829]
117998655  PRAP1; proline-rich acidic protein 1 [KO:K21250]
117999034  RRAGA; ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
117999311  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 [KO:K17908]
117999416  [KO:K17445]
117999637  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117999814  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
117999826  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117999993  GABARAP; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]
118000121  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118000137  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
118000495  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
118000786  STX7; syntaxin-7 isoform X1 [KO:K08488]
118001110  RRAGB; ras-related GTP-binding protein B isoform X1 [KO:K16185]
118001314  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
118001330  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
118001551  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08339]
118002024  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118002067  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 [KO:K26797]
118002128  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
118002179  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
118002335  [KO:K21245]
118002352  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08268]
118002393  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
118002602  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K17603]
118002939  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118003174  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20181]
118003336  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
118003359  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118003459  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein [KO:K20183]
118003487  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118003952  ATG16L2; autophagy-related protein 16-2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
118003961  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 isoform X1 [KO:K07830]
118004052  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein [KO:K21249]
118004294  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07831]
118004389  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
118004424  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118004498  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23883]
118004647  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
118004882  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
118005000  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
118005018  ATG4D; cysteine protease ATG4D isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
118005026  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
118005027  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118005070  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
118005176  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
118005236  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
118005431  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118005702  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X1 [KO:K08337]
118005771  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
118005809  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118005816  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
118006042  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
118006331  [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
118006463  [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
118006556  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118006990  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X1 [KO:K19330]
118007107  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
118007173  [KO:K02927]
118007476  [KO:K21348]
118007649  [KO:K10802]
118007752  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
118007879  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118007913  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
118008050  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
118008118  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
118008624  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
118008824  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
118009217  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
118009288  [KO:K02977]
118009495  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K21245]
118009539  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
118009990  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
118010205  [KO:K02977]
118010337  WDR45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
118010368  [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118010372  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
118010742  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
118011081  [KO:K10435]
118011311  VPS16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20180]
118011353  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
118011399  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
118011403  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 [KO:K21247]
118011862  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
118011922  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
118011942  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
118011983  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
118012027  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A [KO:K17907]
118012153  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
118012341  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
118012404  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650]
118012464  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
118012577  [KO:K10802]
118012969  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN isoform X1 [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
118013302  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog [KO:K20179]
118014132  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
118014315  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
118014550  MAP1LC3C; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
118014553  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118014586  BECN2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
118014818  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
118015160  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K20402]
118015656  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
118015773  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
118015811  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
118015814  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform X1 [KO:K08331]
118016000  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
118016016  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
118016129  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118016198  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
118016228  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
118016252  [KO:K17908]
118016548  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 isoform X1 [KO:K08336]
118016640  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
118016711  [KO:K02977]
118016792  UBB; polyubiquitin-B [KO:K04551]
118016863  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
118016922  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X1 [KO:K23610]
118016958  ATG10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X1 [KO:K17888]
118017558  TSC1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
118017890  STX17; syntaxin-17 [KO:K08491]
118018046  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange C9orf72 homolog [KO:K23609]
118018362  ULK1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118018425  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
118018448  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
118018638  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
118019194  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
118019227  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
118019328  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
118019366  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
118019468  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
118019470  [KO:K02977]
118019591  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]
118019622  [KO:K21246]
118020008  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118020028  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118020106  [KO:K21246]
118020910  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21347]
118021201  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
118021577  OPTN; optineurin isoform X1 [KO:K19946]
118021606  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
118021717  TSC2; tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]
118021723  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
118021736  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118022144  CTSB; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
118022309  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
118022658  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118022776  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118023006  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
118023332  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
118023333  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
118023348  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
118023358  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118023484  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
118023557  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
118024136  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 [KO:K22991]
118024187  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR [KO:K07204]
118024338  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908]
118024372  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
118024494  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
118024556  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20184]
118024673  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118024679  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21248]
118024701  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
118024793  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
118024937  BECN1; beclin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K08334]
118024951  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
118025162  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 [KO:K23282]
118025572  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
118025672  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08341]
118026004  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17606]
118026506  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118026511  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 isoform X1 [KO:K14381]
118026780  ATG9B; autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
118026819  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
mlx04010  MAPK signaling pathway
mlx04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
mlx04142  Lysosome
mlx04150  mTOR signaling pathway
mlx04152  AMPK signaling pathway
mlx04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   

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