Entry Name Glutamatergic synapse - Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale)
Description Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic cleft, glutamate acts on postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate can also act on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and exert a variety of modulatory effects through their coupling to G proteins and the subsequent recruitment of second messenger systems. Presynaptically localized Group II and Group III mGluRs are thought to represent the classical inhibitory autoreceptor mechanism that suppresses excess glutamate release. After its action on these receptors, glutamate can be removed from the synaptic cleft by EAATs located either on the presynaptic terminal, neighboring glial cells, or the postsynaptic neuron. In glia, glutamate is converted to glutamine, which is then transported back to the presynaptic terminal and converted back to glutamate.
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale) [GN:
pcad ]
Gene 102973173 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
102973245 SHANK2; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15009 ]
102973313 GRIK1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 isoform X7 [KO:K05201 ]
102973320 SLC1A6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05617 ]
102975328 GRIK2; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05202 ]
102975511 SLC1A3; excitatory amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05614 ]
102975548 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
102975750 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
102976068 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
102976421 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
102976485 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
102977174 GRIN3B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214 ]
102977801 TRPC1; short transient receptor potential channel 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04964 ]
102977865 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344 ]
102978983 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
102981323 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2 [KO:K07826 ]
102982318 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
102982457 SHANK3; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 [KO:K15009 ]
102982789 SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid symporter 2 isoform X2 [KO:K14207 ]
102983015 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
102983261 SLC38A1; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid symporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14990 ]
102984635 SHANK1; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 [KO:K15009 ]
102984842 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
102985729 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
102986172 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
102987558 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
102989784 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
102990164 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
102990815 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X8 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
102992034 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
102993267 GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04632 ]
102994418 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
102995357 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
102995518 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539 ]
102996335 SLC38A3; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 isoform X2 [KO:K13576 ]
102996618 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
102996655 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
102996666 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
102997009 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
112063837 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
112063854 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
112065477 PPP3R2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcineurin subunit B type 2 [KO:K06268 ]
112066479 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
112066563 GNGT2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
112067178 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
112067655 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Niswender CM, Conn PJ
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Ferraguti F, Crepaldi L, Nicoletti F
Title Metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: current concepts and perspectives.
Journal Reference Authors Hermans E, Challiss RA
Title Structural, signalling and regulatory properties of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: prototypic family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
Journal Reference Authors Meador-Woodruff JH, Clinton SM, Beneyto M, McCullumsmith RE
Title Molecular abnormalities of the glutamate synapse in the thalamus in schizophrenia.
Journal Reference Authors Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK
Title Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Gass JT, Olive MF
Title Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism.
Journal Reference Authors Palmada M, Centelles JJ
Title Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain.
Journal Reference Authors Schoepp DD
Title Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
Journal J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:12-20 (2001)
Reference Authors de Jong AP, Verhage M
Title Presynaptic signal transduction pathways that modulate synaptic transmission.
Journal Reference Authors Pinheiro PS, Mulle C
Title Presynaptic glutamate receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of action.
Journal Reference Authors Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Faden AI
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for multipotential treatment of neurological disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Conti F, Weinberg RJ
Title Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses.
Journal Reference Authors Sheng M, Kim MJ
Title Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms.
Journal Related KO pathway
