Entry
Name
Prion disease - Rhinopithecus bieti (black snub-nosed monkey)
Description
Prion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of these diseases is thought to be associated with the conversion of a normal protein, PrPC, into an infectious, pathogenic form, PrPSc. The conversion is induced by prion infections (for example, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), iatrogenic CJD, Kuru), mutations (familial CJD, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia (FFI)) or unknown factors (sporadic CJD (sCJD)), and is thought to occur after PrPC has reached the plasma membrane or is re-internalized for degradation. The PrPSc form shows greater protease resistance than PrPC and accumulates in affected individuals, often in the form of extracellular plaques. Pathways that may lead to neuronal death comprise oxidative stress, regulated activation of complement, ubiquitin-proteasome and endosomal-lysosomal systems, synaptic alterations and dendritic atrophy, corticosteroid response, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, the conformational transition could lead to the lost of a beneficial activity of the natively folded protein, PrPC.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Disease
Organism
Rhinopithecus bieti (black snub-nosed monkey) [GN:
rbb ]
Gene
108512141 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
108513536 SHFM1; 26S proteasome complex subunit DSS1 isoform X1 [KO:K10881 ]
108513939 NCF1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neutrophil cytosol factor 1 [KO:K08011 ]
108514539 PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038 ]
108514651 ATP5G2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
108514796 NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
108515198 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
108515327 SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
108515623 NDUFA13; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
108516511 ATP5G1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
108516683 NDUFS4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
108516875 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
108517346 NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
108517714 PSMD14; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030 ]
108517733 PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035 ]
108518004 NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938 ]
108518677 NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
108518846 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
108518882 EIF2AK3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860 ] [EC:2.7.11.1 ]
108518996 CREB3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
108519146 NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
108519245 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
108519410 NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
108519685 DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform X1 [KO:K04452 ]
108519700 NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
108519898 ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049 ]
108520463 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
108521164 NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
108521165 SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00236 ]
108521802 NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
108522161 NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
108522695 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
108522756 NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
108523036 NDUFB11; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
108523391 PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 isoform X1 [KO:K06693 ]
108523739 ITPR2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959 ]
108524673 NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
108525031 PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028 ]
108526312 NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 isoform X1 [KO:K03956 ]
108527161 ATP5G3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
108527163 ATF2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 [KO:K04450 ]
108527793 PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033 ]
108528082 ATP5F1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127 ]
108528737 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
108529459 NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03947 ]
108529513 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
108529563 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05862 ]
108529800 NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03962 ]
108529918 ATP5C1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial [KO:K02136 ]
108530254 NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
108531525 PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03037 ]
108531589 NCAM2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neural cell adhesion molecule 2 [KO:K06491 ]
108531931 NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
108531954 HSPA8; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein [KO:K03283 ]
108532175 NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
108532882 NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03961 ]
108532960 PIK3CA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
108533239 PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029 ]
108533712 EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237 ]
108534276 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
108534515 NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
108535273 NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
108535274 ADRM1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 isoform X1 [KO:K06691 ]
108535460 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
108535636 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
108536453 SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
108536503 NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
108537102 NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03952 ]
108537157 GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A isoform X1 [KO:K05213 ]
108537403 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
108537879 GRIN3B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214 ]
108537987 PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 [KO:K03039 ]
108538081 NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
108538318 PSMD1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K03032 ]
108539077 PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031 ]
108539355 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
108540349 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
108540717 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
108540785 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
108541175 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
108541249 GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform X1 [KO:K05209 ]
108541378 PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 isoform X1 [KO:K03036 ]
108541536 NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03958 ]
108541689 NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
108541984 NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
108542557 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
108542584 HSPA6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock 70 kDa protein 6 [KO:K03283 ]
108542734 BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death isoform X1 [KO:K02158 ]
108542840 NOTCH1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 [KO:K02599 ]
108542864 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
108542921 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
108543462 APAF1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 [KO:K02084 ]
108543568 NDUFA6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
108544591 PIK3CB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
108545075 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857 ]
Compound
Reference
Authors
Saa P, Harris DA, Cervenakova L
Title
Mechanisms of prion-induced neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Goold R, McKinnon C, Tabrizi SJ
Title
Prion degradation pathways: Potential for therapeutic intervention.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soto C, Satani N
Title
The intricate mechanisms of neurodegeneration in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mays CE, Soto C
Title
The stress of prion disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jones E, Mead S
Title
Genetic risk factors for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kovacs GG, Budka H
Title
Prion diseases: from protein to cell pathology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Campana V, Sarnataro D, Zurzolo C
Title
The highways and byways of prion protein trafficking.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Caughey B, Baron GS
Title
Prions and their partners in crime.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chiesa R, Harris DA
Title
Prion diseases: what is the neurotoxic molecule?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fasano C, Campana V, Zurzolo C
Title
Prions: protein only or something more? Overview of potential prion cofactors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Roucou X, Gains M, LeBlanc AC
Title
Neuroprotective functions of prion protein.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Harris DA
Title
Cellular biology of prion diseases.
Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 12:429-44 (1999)
Reference
Authors
Novakofski J, Brewer MS, Mateus-Pinilla N, Killefer J, McCusker RH
Title
Prion biology relevant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Peggion C, Bertoli A, Sorgato MC
Title
Almost a century of prion protein(s): From pathology to physiology, and back to pathology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ryskalin L, Busceti CL, Biagioni F, Limanaqi F, Familiari P, Frati A, Fornai F
Title
Prion Protein in Glioblastoma Multiforme.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ureshino RP, Erustes AG, Bassani TB, Wachilewski P, Guarache GC, Nascimento AC, Costa AJ, Smaili SS, Pereira GJDS
Title
The Interplay between Ca(2+) Signaling Pathways and Neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Meneghetti E, Gasperini L, Virgilio T, Moda F, Tagliavini F, Benetti F, Legname G
Title
Prions Strongly Reduce NMDA Receptor S-Nitrosylation Levels at Pre-symptomatic and Terminal Stages of Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Song Z, Zhao D, Yang L
Title
Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration mediated by dysfunctional subcellular organelles in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Halliday M, Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
Fine-tuning PERK signaling for neuroprotection.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hughes D, Halliday M
Title
What Is Our Current Understanding of PrP(Sc)-Associated Neurotoxicity and Its Molecular Underpinnings?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Mollereau B
Title
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
The unfolded protein response in neurodegenerative disorders - therapeutic modulation of the PERK pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Doyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Healy SJ, Samali A
Title
Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferreiro E, Oliveira CR, Pereira CM
Title
The release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum induced by amyloid-beta and prion peptides activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferreiro E, Resende R, Costa R, Oliveira CR, Pereira CM
Title
An endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptotic pathway is involved in prion and amyloid-beta peptides neurotoxicity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Torres M, Encina G, Soto C, Hetz C
Title
Abnormal calcium homeostasis and protein folding stress at the ER: A common factor in familial and infectious prion disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ciechanover A, Kwon YT
Title
Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic targets and strategies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kristiansen M, Deriziotis P, Dimcheff DE, Jackson GS, Ovaa H, Naumann H, Clarke AR, van Leeuwen FW, Menendez-Benito V, Dantuma NP, Portis JL, Collinge J, Tabrizi SJ
Title
Disease-associated prion protein oligomers inhibit the 26S proteasome.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang HG, Pathan N, Ethell IM, Krajewski S, Yamaguchi Y, Shibasaki F, McKeon F, Bobo T, Franke TF, Reed JC.
Title
Ca2+-induced apoptosis through calcineurin dephosphorylation of BAD.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Russelakis-Carneiro M, Maundrell K, Castilla J, Soto C
Title
Caspase-12 and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediate neurotoxicity of pathological prion protein.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamponi E, Pigino GF
Title
Protein Misfolding, Signaling Abnormalities and Altered Fast Axonal Transport: Implications for Alzheimer and Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamponi E, Buratti F, Cataldi G, Caicedo HH, Song Y, Jungbauer LM, LaDu MJ, Bisbal M, Lorenzo A, Ma J, Helguera PR, Morfini GA, Brady ST, Pigino GF
Title
Prion protein inhibits fast axonal transport through a mechanism involving casein kinase 2.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Schneider B, Pietri M, Pradines E, Loubet D, Launay JM, Kellermann O, Mouillet-Richard S
Title
Understanding the neurospecificity of Prion protein signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Didonna A
Title
Prion protein and its role in signal transduction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shah SZA, Zhao D, Hussain T, Yang L
Title
The Role of Unfolded Protein Response and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Focus on Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marella M, Gaggioli C, Batoz M, Deckert M, Tartare-Deckert S, Chabry J
Title
Pathological prion protein exposure switches on neuronal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway resulting in microglia recruitment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ishikura N, Clever JL, Bouzamondo-Bernstein E, Samayoa E, Prusiner SB, Huang EJ, DeArmond SJ
Title
Notch-1 activation and dendritic atrophy in prion disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dearmond SJ, Bajsarowicz K
Title
PrPSc accumulation in neuronal plasma membranes links Notch-1 activation to dendritic degeneration in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hirsch TZ, Martin-Lanneree S, Reine F, Hernandez-Rapp J, Herzog L, Dron M, Privat N, Passet B, Halliez S, Villa-Diaz A, Lacroux C, Klein V, Haik S, Andreoletti O, Torres JM, Vilotte JL, Beringue V, Mouillet-Richard S
Title
Epigenetic Control of the Notch and Eph Signaling Pathways by the Prion Protein: Implications for Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Aguzzi A, Zhu C
Title
Microglia in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mabbott NA
Title
The complement system in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mallucci G, Collinge J
Title
Rational targeting for prion therapeutics.
Journal
Related pathway
rbb04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
rbb04610 Complement and coagulation cascades
KO pathway