KEGG   PATHWAY: dle04140
Entry
dle04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
dle04140  Autophagy - animal
dle04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale) [GN:dle]
Gene
111162747  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
111162998  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
111163022  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111163140  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange C9orf72 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23609]
111163628  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
111163666  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 [KO:K21248]
111163693  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
111163760  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111163761  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
111164094  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08339]
111164867  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
111165214  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K20402]
111165229  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
111165420  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
111165750  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
111165800  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 isoform X1 [KO:K17446]
111165808  STX7; syntaxin-7 isoform X1 [KO:K08488]
111165862  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
111165994  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
111166006  ATG4D; cysteine protease ATG4D isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
111166101  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111166273  [KO:K17987]
111166325  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
111166353  BECN1; beclin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K08334]
111166597  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
111166602  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
111166652  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
111166674  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
111166812  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
111166814  CTSL; cathepsin L1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
111166847  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111167411  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20179]
111167604  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 [KO:K21246]
111167760  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 isoform X1 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111167764  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
111167782  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17606]
111168085  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
111168108  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111168155  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111168218  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X2 [KO:K23883]
111168230  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
111168801  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
111168878  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
111168973  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111168983  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X1 [KO:K08337]
111169258  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 [KO:K14381]
111169265  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111169412  RRAGB; ras-related GTP-binding protein B isoform X1 [KO:K16185]
111169463  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 isoform X3 [KO:K26797]
111169487  WDR45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
111169895  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111169980  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
111170189  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K23282]
111170294  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
111170340  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
111170348  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
111170524  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform X1 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111170751  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
111170925  [KO:K17603]
111171724  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
111171842  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A isoform X1 [KO:K17907]
111171885  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
111171948  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
111171963  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X1 [KO:K19330]
111172017  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
111172161  PRAP1; proline-rich acidic protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21250]
111172181  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
111172530  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN isoform X1 [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
111172792  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650]
111172852  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
111173047  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
111173087  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08268]
111173130  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator isoform X2 [KO:K17889]
111173481  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
111173795  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
111173839  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
111173978  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
111174169  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
111174287  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
111174694  RRAGA; ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
111174900  BIRC6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
111175110  [KO:K21246]
111175202  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
111175249  [KO:K21245]
111175250  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X7 [KO:K21245]
111175614  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]
111175760  [KO:K02649]
111175861  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
111176008  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111176104  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
111176290  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K17603]
111176362  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
111176387  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
111176675  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
111176756  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
111176851  KRAS; GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
111177090  TSC1; hamartin [KO:K07206]
111177424  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
111177426  MAP1LC3C; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
111177559  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111177698  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111177745  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
111177982  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type isoform X1 [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
111178074  OPTN; optineurin isoform X1 [KO:K19946]
111178356  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
111178380  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
111178473  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
111179228  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07831]
111179235  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
111179417  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
111179501  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08341]
111179772  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
111179996  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
111180199  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
111180241  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 [KO:K21347]
111180592  AKT1S1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16184]
111180612  RRAS; ras-related protein R-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07829]
111180855  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111181700  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
111181727  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
111181760  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111181964  [KO:K17445]
111182181  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111182447  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
111182623  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
111182653  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
111182724  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07204]
111182905  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
111183200  ATG9B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
111183460  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 isoform X1 [KO:K08336]
111183491  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
111183606  INS; insulin isoform X1 [KO:K04526]
111183673  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111183789  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
111183810  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
111183977  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform X1 [KO:K08331]
111183981  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
111184250  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
111184255  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
111184326  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
111184376  VPS16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20180]
111184485  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20184]
111184515  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 isoform X1 [KO:K08516]
111184694  ATG10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 [KO:K17888]
111184757  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b isoform X1 [KO:K07898]
111184827  ATG16L2; autophagy-related protein 16-2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
111184881  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein [KO:K21249]
111185160  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X1 [KO:K23610]
111185176  TSC2; tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]
111185183  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X3 [KO:K08266]
111185202  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111185365  CTSB; cathepsin B isoform X1 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
111185712  GABARAP; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]
111185984  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
111186557  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
111186598  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
111186827  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 isoform X1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111186858  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
111186883  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A isoform X1 [KO:K20182]
111186930  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K04551]
111187179  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
111187262  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
111187265  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111187347  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
111187362  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111187985  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
111188044  STX17; syntaxin-17 isoform X1 [KO:K08491]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
dle04010  MAPK signaling pathway
dle04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
dle04142  Lysosome
dle04150  mTOR signaling pathway
dle04152  AMPK signaling pathway
dle04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   

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