Entry Name Cholinergic synapse - Hylobates moloch (silvery gibbon)
Description Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Hylobates moloch (silvery gibbon) [GN:
hmh ]
Gene 116457338 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
116457634 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
116458584 PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
116458613 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
116458845 PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
116459671 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
116459675 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
116460809 CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04806 ]
116461202 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
116461370 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
116461392 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 [KO:K04927 ]
116461742 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808 ]
116462105 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
116462301 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
116462749 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
116463099 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X2 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
116466681 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
116468899 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
116468959 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930 ]
116469141 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926 ]
116469355 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04813 ]
116469376 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
116469652 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
116469841 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
116469917 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
116471265 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
116471714 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
116472525 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
116472600 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
116473022 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929 ]
116473104 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X2 [KO:K02649 ]
116473372 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X9 [KO:K04851 ]
116474673 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
116475074 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
116475178 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
116475542 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
116475947 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
116476303 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
116478256 KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
116478306 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04544 ]
116478572 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X2 [KO:K04344 ]
116478691 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
116481263 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
116481481 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
116481525 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05000 ]
116481969 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X6 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
116482079 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805 ]
116482527 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04815 ]
116483096 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
116483152 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
116483393 SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14387 ]
116483538 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
116483637 KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 isoform X1 [KO:K05005 ]
116484566 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X3 [KO:K07826 ]
116810385 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X3 [KO:K05870 ]
116810787 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04997 ]
116811686 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
116811956 GNG5B; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5B [KO:K04542 ]
116812488 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
116812715 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X5 [KO:K09047 ]
116812793 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
116812889 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
116813597 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04928 ]
116814102 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
116814103 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
116814165 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
116814224 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
116814406 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference Authors Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference Authors Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference Authors Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal Reference Authors Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal Reference Authors Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference Authors Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal Reference Authors Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Brown DA
Title Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Chang KT, Berg DK
Title Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal Reference Authors Soreq H, Seidman S
Title Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal Reference Authors Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal Reference Authors Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal Reference Authors Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal Reference Authors Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal Related KO pathway
