Entry Name Cholinergic synapse - Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey)
Description Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) [GN:
mcc ]
Gene 100169972 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
100424606 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
100426025 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929 ]
106996685 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815 ]
114670571 CHRNA4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806 ]
114673968 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
114673987 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04544 ]
574189 KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996 ]
574195 CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132 ]
574230 CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 precursor [KO:K04809 ]
574330 CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133 ]
574362 CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129 ]
574394 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
693675 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05000 ]
693924 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
695441 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539 ]
696350 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
696473 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
697718 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
698840 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
698857 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
698996 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649 ]
699310 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
700606 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
700724 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
700785 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928 ]
701951 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
702504 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X2 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
703399 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
703669 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
703780 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
703965 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
705326 KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005 ]
705680 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
705725 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808 ]
705980 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
706977 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X11 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
707310 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
708193 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
708706 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
708714 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
708717 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870 ]
708901 CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131 ]
708940 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
709489 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
709959 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
710000 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
710053 SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636 ]
710540 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
710548 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
710552 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
711335 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
713391 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
713913 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
714093 SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387 ]
714780 CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130 ]
714981 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
715426 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 [KO:K04930 ]
715787 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
715951 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
716098 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
716571 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805 ]
716830 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 precursor [KO:K04813 ]
717764 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718011 KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
718040 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
718223 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
718291 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X5 [KO:K04344 ]
718387 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718418 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718632 PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345 ] [EC:2.7.11.11 ]
719248 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
719367 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
719614 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X2 [KO:K04927 ]
721015 KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998 ]
721211 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926 ]
721452 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
721649 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
721721 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X13 [KO:K04850 ]
721825 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
722023 PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290 ]
722027 PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
722398 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference Authors Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference Authors Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference Authors Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal Reference Authors Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal Reference Authors Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference Authors Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal Reference Authors Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Brown DA
Title Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Chang KT, Berg DK
Title Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal Reference Authors Soreq H, Seidman S
Title Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal Reference Authors Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal Reference Authors Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal Reference Authors Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal Reference Authors Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal Related KO pathway
