KEGG   PATHWAY: bom04140
Entry
bom04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Bos mutus (wild yak)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
bom04140  Autophagy - animal
bom04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Bos mutus (wild yak) [GN:bom]
Gene
102274400  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
102278105  IGF1R; insulin like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102284664  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
102273597  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
102274553  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102274461  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102277548  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102266922  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
102280296  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
102286868  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
102264327  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102275199  AKT2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102265427  AKT3; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102283212  AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102268478  PTEN; phosphatase and tensin homolog [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
102278591  GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
102277011  HRAS; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833]
102286500  KRAS; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827]
102269203  NRAS; neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07828]
102276240  MRAS; muscle RAS oncogene homolog [KO:K07831]
102279307  RRAS; related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog [KO:K07829]
102283530  RRAS2; related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog 2 [KO:K07830]
102288216  RAF1; Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102280670  MAP2K1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102271710  MAP2K2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102272368  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102284931  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102288255  HIF1A; hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha subunit [KO:K08268]
102285482  DDIT4; DNA damage inducible transcript 4 [KO:K08270]
102267343  TSC2; tuberous sclerosis 2 [KO:K07207]
102280709  TSC1; tuberous sclerosis 1 [KO:K07206]
102277658  RHEB; Ras homolog enriched in brain [KO:K07208]
102267219  GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
102285390  RPTOR; regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1 [KO:K07204]
102282235  DEPTOR; DEP domain containing MTOR interacting protein [KO:K20402]
102281727  MTOR; mechanistic target of rapamycin [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102264796  AKT1S1; AKT1 substrate 1 [KO:K16184]
102266601  MLST8; MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog [KO:K08266]
102285710  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102271079  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase B2 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102276559  IGBP1; immunoglobulin binding protein 1 [KO:K17606]
102266065  PPP2CA; protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
102279886  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform-like [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
102282540  PPP2CB; protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
102277562  ULK1; unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102268847  ULK2; unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102270193  ATG13; autophagy related 13 [KO:K08331]
102264526  ATG101; autophagy related 101 [KO:K19730]
102281518  RB1CC1; RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1 [KO:K17589]
102272084  ATG2A; autophagy related 2A [KO:K17906]
102279865  ATG2B; autophagy related 2B [KO:K17906]
102285764  WIPI2; WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2 [KO:K17908]
102277604  WIPI1; WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 1 [KO:K17908]
102276320  WDR45B; WD repeat domain 45B [KO:K22991]
102264908  WDR45; WD repeat domain 45 [KO:K22991]
102267828  ATG9B; autophagy related 9B [KO:K17907]
102279239  ATG9A; autophagy related 9A [KO:K17907]
102278196  SUPT20H; SPT20 homolog, SAGA complex component [KO:K21245]
102274044  SMCR8; Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosome region, candidate 8 [KO:K23611]
102267197  WDR41; WD repeat domain 41 [KO:K23610]
102277717  chromosome unknown open reading frame, human C9orf72 [KO:K23609]
102287920  RAB8A; RAB8A, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07901]
102280315  RAB39B; RAB39B, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07925]
102279447  SQSTM1; sequestosome 1 [KO:K14381]
102279479  TBK1; TANK binding kinase 1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
102287432  TANK; TRAF family member associated NFKB activator [KO:K12650]
102267685  RAB1A; RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07874]
102281123  ras-related GTP-binding protein B-like [KO:K16185]
102277794  RRAGA; Ras related GTP binding A [KO:K16185]
102267833  RRAGD; Ras related GTP binding D [KO:K16186]
102273795  RRAGC; Ras related GTP binding C [KO:K16186]
102278863  STK11; serine/threonine kinase 11 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102270414  PRKAA2; protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
102265959  PRKAA1; protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
102281757  PRKACA; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
102269124  PRKACB; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
102273901  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102277976  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102266960  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102272421  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102268592  BCL2; BCL2, apoptosis regulator [KO:K02161]
102277355  BCL2L1; BCL2 like 1 [KO:K04570]
102271380  bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
102275975  BAD; BCL2 associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
102274484  BECN1; beclin 1 [KO:K08334]
102266952  BECN2; beclin 2 [KO:K08334]
102272578  NRBF2; nuclear receptor binding factor 2 [KO:K21246]
102271813  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102282920  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
102268738  ATG14; autophagy related 14 [KO:K17889]
102269275  AMBRA1; autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1 [KO:K17985]
102285891  TRAF6; TNF receptor associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
102265158  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 2 [KO:K21247]
102283758  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 [KO:K21248]
102281149  STX17; syntaxin 17 [KO:K08491]
102285359  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance associated [KO:K21249]
102269872  SH3GLB1; SH3 domain containing GRB2 like endophilin B1 [KO:K11248]
102285151  RUBCN; RUN and cysteine rich domain containing beclin 1 interacting protein [KO:K19330]
102275357  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102264816  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
102275172  ERN1; endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
102269088  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
102270869  DAPK3; death associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102285056  DAPK2; death associated protein kinase 2 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102268782  DAPK1; death associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102267614  HMGB1; high mobility group box 1 [KO:K10802]
102278973  PRAP1; proline rich acidic protein 1 [KO:K21250]
102273847  EIF2AK4; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102270765  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha [KO:K03237]
102268447  MTMR4; myotubularin related protein 4 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
102275751  MTMR3; myotubularin related protein 3 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
102269780  MTMR14; myotubularin related protein 14 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
102283583  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1 [KO:K17603]
102270410  ATG12; autophagy related 12 [KO:K08336]
102283036  ATG5; autophagy related 5 [KO:K08339]
102265888  ATG16L1; autophagy related 16 like 1 [KO:K17890]
102285242  ATG16L2; autophagy related 16 like 2 [KO:K20868]
102273520  ATG7; autophagy related 7 [KO:K08337]
102281452  ATG10; autophagy related 10 [KO:K17888]
102280605  ATG3; autophagy related 3 [KO:K08343]
102283650  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724]
102277201  RAB33B; RAB33B, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07920]
102273710  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102273006  GABARAP; GABA type A receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]
102276167  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
102265036  GABARAPL2; GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2 [KO:K08341]
102272461  microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
102266010  MAP1LC3A; microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha [KO:K10435]
102288385  MAP1LC3C; microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 gamma [KO:K10435]
102279715  ATG4D; autophagy related 4D cysteine peptidase [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102272359  ATG4A; autophagy related 4A cysteine peptidase [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102275056  ATG4B; autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102274486  ATG4C; autophagy related 4C cysteine peptidase [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102266819  NBR1; NBR1, autophagy cargo receptor [KO:K17987]
102269587  OPTN; optineurin [KO:K19946]
102273008  CALCOCO2; calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2 [KO:K21348]
102276345  TAX1BP1; Tax1 binding protein 1 [KO:K21347]
102286367  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain containing 3 [KO:K22262]
102268434  UBA52; ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 [KO:K02927]
102283817  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
102282792  RPS27A; ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
102266974  UBB; ubiquitin B [KO:K04551]
102286294  UBC; ubiquitin C [KO:K08770]
102278445  SNAP29; synaptosome associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
102277569  VAMP8; vesicle associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
102277213  YKT6; YKT6 v-SNARE homolog (S. cerevisiae) [KO:K08516]
102274115  STX7; syntaxin 7 [KO:K08488]
102278139  EPG5; ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog [KO:K23883]
102270186  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1 [KO:K23282]
102265894  VPS11; VPS11, CORVET/HOPS core subunit [KO:K20179]
102271701  VPS16; VPS16, CORVET/HOPS core subunit [KO:K20180]
102277430  VPS18; VPS18, CORVET/HOPS core subunit [KO:K20181]
102272032  VPS33A; VPS33A, CORVET/HOPS core subunit [KO:K20182]
102283421  VPS39; VPS39, HOPS complex subunit [KO:K20183]
102280732  VPS41; VPS41, HOPS complex subunit [KO:K20184]
102268689  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
102270525  GORASP2; golgi reassembly stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
102280705  GORASP1; golgi reassembly stacking protein 1 [KO:K26797]
102270065  RAB7A; RAB7A, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07897]
102264639  RAB7B; RAB7B, member RAS oncogene family [KO:K07898]
102282151  LAMP2; lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 [KO:K06528]
102272677  LAMP1; lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 [KO:K06528]
102275829  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
102269419  cathepsin L1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102285097  CTSV; cathepsin V [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102284921  CTSB; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
bom04010  MAPK signaling pathway
bom04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
bom04142  Lysosome
bom04150  mTOR signaling pathway
bom04152  AMPK signaling pathway
bom04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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