Entry
Name
Spinocerebellar ataxia - Capra hircus (goat)
Description
The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterised by loss of balance and motor coordination due to the primary dysfunction of the cerebellum. Compelling evidence points to major aetiological roles for transcriptional dysregulation, protein aggregation and clearance, autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, alterations of calcium homeostasis, mitochondria defects, toxic RNA gain-of-function mechanisms and eventual cell death with apoptotic features of neurons during SCA disease progression.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Capra hircus (goat) [GN:
chx ]
Gene
102184361 TRPC3; short transient receptor potential channel 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04966 ]
102189950 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
102188148 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
102180505 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
102169966 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
102168441 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
102188092 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
102181789 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
102177097 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
102174657 GRIN3B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214 ]
102173290 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
102169457 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
102176666 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
102169446 OMA1; metalloendopeptidase OMA1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K23010 ] [EC:3.4.24.-]
102179357 SPTBN2; spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 2 isoform X1 [KO:K23932 ]
102183547 PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028 ]
102187906 PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K03032 ]
102176558 PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033 ]
102169405 PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 isoform X1 [KO:K06693 ]
102183635 PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035 ]
102187430 PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036 ]
102180165 PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K03037 ]
102174773 PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038 ]
102181192 PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 isoform X1 [KO:K03039 ]
102173623 PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029 ]
102185511 PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030 ]
102176723 PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031 ]
102186203 SLC1A6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05617 ]
102186030 RBPJL; recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K06053 ]
102185075 RBPJ; recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless isoform X3 [KO:K06053 ]
102187277 NFYA; nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08064 ]
102184456 AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985 ]
102173093 ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889 ]
102169649 ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906 ]
102176171 ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906 ]
102180716 WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908 ]
102179237 WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908 ]
102188248 KCNC3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04889 ]
102175822 KCND3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04893 ]
102177522 VLDLR; very low-density lipoprotein receptor isoform X1 [KO:K20053 ]
102185042 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
102168391 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
102177551 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
102179343 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
102170135 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
102188710 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04549 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
Reference
Authors
Matilla-Duenas A, Sanchez I, Corral-Juan M, Davalos A, Alvarez R, Latorre P
Title
Cellular and molecular pathways triggering neurodegeneration in the spinocerebellar ataxias.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Duenas AM, Goold R, Giunti P
Title
Molecular pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxias.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mark MD, Schwitalla JC, Groemmke M, Herlitze S
Title
Keeping Our Calcium in Balance to Maintain Our Balance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Egorova PA, Bezprozvanny IB
Title
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shimobayashi E, Kapfhammer JP
Title
Calcium Signaling, PKC Gamma, IP3R1 and CAR8 Link Spinocerebellar Ataxias and Purkinje Cell Dendritic Development.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kasumu A, Bezprozvanny I
Title
Deranged calcium signaling in Purkinje cells and pathogenesis in spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) and other ataxias.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Egorova P, Popugaeva E, Bezprozvanny I
Title
Disturbed calcium signaling in spinocerebellar ataxias and Alzheimer's disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hisatsune C, Hamada K, Mikoshiba K
Title
Ca(2+) signaling and spinocerebellar ataxia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Takada SH, Ikebara JM, de Sousa E, Cardoso DS, Resende RR, Ulrich H, Ruckl M, Rudiger S, Kihara AH
Title
Determining the Roles of Inositol Trisphosphate Receptors in Neurodegeneration: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on a Complex Topic.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brown SA, Loew LM
Title
Integration of modeling with experimental and clinical findings synthesizes and refines the central role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 in spinocerebellar ataxia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Inoue T
Title
Dynamics of calcium and its roles in the dendrite of the cerebellar Purkinje cell.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Adachi N, Kobayashi T, Takahashi H, Kawasaki T, Shirai Y, Ueyama T, Matsuda T, Seki T, Sakai N, Saito N
Title
Enzymological analysis of mutant protein kinase Cgamma causing spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 and dysfunction in Ca2+ homeostasis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Smeets CJ, Jezierska J, Watanabe H, Duarri A, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Zhou Q, Yakovleva T, Boddeke E, den Dunnen W, van Deursen J, Bakalkin G, Kampinga HH, van de Sluis B, Verbeek DS
Title
Elevated mutant dynorphin A causes Purkinje cell loss and motor dysfunction in spinocerebellar ataxia type 23.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tulli S, Del Bondio A, Baderna V, Mazza D, Codazzi F, Pierson TM, Ambrosi A, Nolte D, Goizet C, Toro C, Baets J, Deconinck T, DeJonghe P, Mandich P, Casari G, Maltecca F
Title
Pathogenic variants in the AFG3L2 proteolytic domain cause SCA28 through haploinsufficiency and proteostatic stress-driven OMA1 activation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mancini C, Hoxha E, Iommarini L, Brussino A, Richter U, Montarolo F, Cagnoli C, Parolisi R, Gondor Morosini DI, Nicolo V, Maltecca F, Muratori L, Ronchi G, Geuna S, Arnaboldi F, Donetti E, Giorgio E, Cavalieri S, Di Gregorio E, Pozzi E, Ferrero M, Riberi E, Casari G, Altruda F, Turco E, Gasparre G, Battersby BJ, Porcelli AM, Ferrero E, Brusco A, Tempia F
Title
Mice harbouring a SCA28 patient mutation in AFG3L2 develop late-onset ataxia associated with enhanced mitochondrial proteotoxicity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Becker EBE
Title
From Mice to Men: TRPC3 in Cerebellar Ataxia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hoxha E, Tempia F, Lippiello P, Miniaci MC
Title
Modulation, Plasticity and Pathophysiology of the Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapse.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yan H, Pablo JL, Pitt GS
Title
FGF14 regulates presynaptic Ca2+ channels and synaptic transmission.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tada M, Nishizawa M, Onodera O
Title
Roles of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in spinocerebellar ataxias.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Pietrobon D
Title
CaV2.1 channelopathies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Matsuyama Z, Yanagisawa NK, Aoki Y, Black JL 3rd, Lennon VA, Mori Y, Imoto K, Inuzuka T
Title
Polyglutamine repeats of spinocerebellar ataxia 6 impair the cell-death-preventing effect of CaV2.1 Ca2+ channel--loss-of-function cellular model of SCA6.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nishitoh H, Matsuzawa A, Tobiume K, Saegusa K, Takeda K, Inoue K, Hori S, Kakizuka A, Ichijo H
Title
ASK1 is essential for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal cell death triggered by expanded polyglutamine repeats.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Evers MM, Toonen LJ, van Roon-Mom WM
Title
Ataxin-3 protein and RNA toxicity in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: current insights and emerging therapeutic strategies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ashkenazi A, Bento CF, Ricketts T, Vicinanza M, Siddiqi F, Pavel M, Squitieri F, Hardenberg MC, Imarisio S, Menzies FM, Rubinsztein DC
Title
Polyglutamine tracts regulate autophagy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chen RH, Chen YH, Huang TY
Title
Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of autophagy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Serra HG, Duvick L, Zu T, Carlson K, Stevens S, Jorgensen N, Lysholm A, Burright E, Zoghbi HY, Clark HB, Andresen JM, Orr HT
Title
RORalpha-mediated Purkinje cell development determines disease severity in adult SCA1 mice.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rousseaux MWC, Tschumperlin T, Lu HC, Lackey EP, Bondar VV, Wan YW, Tan Q, Adamski CJ, Friedrich J, Twaroski K, Chen W, Tolar J, Henzler C, Sharma A, Bajic A, Lin T, Duvick L, Liu Z, Sillitoe RV, Zoghbi HY, Orr HT
Title
ATXN1-CIC Complex Is the Primary Driver of Cerebellar Pathology in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 through a Gain-of-Function Mechanism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jimenez G, Shvartsman SY, Paroush Z
Title
The Capicua repressor--a general sensor of RTK signaling in development and disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gennarino VA, Palmer EE, McDonell LM, Wang L, Adamski CJ, Koire A, See L, Chen CA, Schaaf CP, Rosenfeld JA, Panzer JA, Moog U, Hao S, Bye A, Kirk EP, Stankiewicz P, Breman AM, McBride A, Kandula T, Dubbs HA, Macintosh R, Cardamone M, Zhu Y, Ying K, Dias KR, Cho MT, Henderson LB, Baskin B, Morris P, Tao J, Cowley MJ, Dinger ME, Roscioli T, Caluseriu O, Suchowersky O, Sachdev RK, Lichtarge O, Tang J, Boycott KM, Holder JL Jr, Zoghbi HY
Title
A Mild PUM1 Mutation Is Associated with Adult-Onset Ataxia, whereas Haploinsufficiency Causes Developmental Delay and Seizures.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Irie T, Matsuzaki Y, Sekino Y, Hirai H
Title
Kv3.3 channels harbouring a mutation of spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 alter excitability and induce cell death in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bushart DD, Murphy GG, Shakkottai VG
Title
Precision medicine in spinocerebellar ataxias: treatment based on common mechanisms of disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hsiao CT, Fu SJ, Liu YT, Lu YH, Zhong CY, Tang CY, Soong BW, Jeng CJ
Title
Novel SCA19/22-associated KCND3 mutations disrupt human KV 4.3 protein biosynthesis and channel gating.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Duarri A, Lin MC, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Smeets CJ, Nibbeling EA, Boddeke E, Sinke RJ, Kampinga HH, Papazian DM, Verbeek DS
Title
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 19/22 mutations alter heterocomplex Kv4.3 channel function and gating in a dominant manner.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Matilla-Duenas A, Volpini V
Title
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 37
Journal
GeneReviews (1993)
Reference
Authors
Corral-Juan M, Serrano-Munuera C, Rabano A, Cota-Gonzalez D, Segarra-Roca A, Ispierto L, Cano-Orgaz AT, Adarmes AD, Mendez-Del-Barrio C, Jesus S, Mir P, Volpini V, Alvarez-Ramo R, Sanchez I, Matilla-Duenas A
Title
Clinical, genetic and neuropathological characterization of spinocerebellar ataxia type 37.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Swinnen B, Robberecht W, Van Den Bosch L
Title
RNA toxicity in non-coding repeat expansion disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ishikawa K, Nagai Y
Title
Molecular Mechanisms and Future Therapeutics for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 31 (SCA31).
Journal
Reference
Authors
Niimi Y, Takahashi M, Sugawara E, Umeda S, Obayashi M, Sato N, Ishiguro T, Higashi M, Eishi Y, Mizusawa H, Ishikawa K
Title
Abnormal RNA structures (RNA foci) containing a penta-nucleotide repeat (UGGAA)n in the Purkinje cell nucleus is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 pathogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kobayashi H, Abe K, Matsuura T, Ikeda Y, Hitomi T, Akechi Y, Habu T, Liu W, Okuda H, Koizumi A
Title
Expansion of intronic GGCCTG hexanucleotide repeat in NOP56 causes SCA36, a type of spinocerebellar ataxia accompanied by motor neuron involvement.
Journal
Related pathway
chx04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
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