Entry Name Cushing syndrome - Propithecus coquereli (Coquerel's sifaka)
Description Cushing syndrome (CS) is a rare disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to excess glucocorticoids via exogenous and endogenous sources. The typical clinical features of CS are related to hypercortisolism and include accumulation of central fat, moon facies, neuromuscular weakness, osteoporosis or bone fractures, metabolic complications, and mood changes. Traditionally, endogenous CS is classified as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent (about 80%) or ACTH- independent (about 20%). Among ACTH-dependent forms, pituitary corticotroph adenoma (Cushing's disease) is most common. Most pituitary tumors are sporadic, resulting from monoclonal expansion of a single mutated cell. Recently recurrent activating somatic driver mutations in the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 gene (USP8) were identified in almost half of corticotroph adenoma. Germline mutations in MEN1 (encoding menin), AIP (encoding aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein), PRKAR1A (encoding cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I alpha regulatory subunit) and CDKN1B (encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; also known as p27 Kip1) have been identified in familial forms of pituitary adenomas. However, the frequency of familial pituitary adenomas is less than 5% in patients with pituitary adenomas. Among ACTH-independent CS, adrenal adenoma is most common. Rare adrenal causes of CS include primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH) or primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD).
Class Human Diseases; Endocrine and metabolic diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Disease Organism Propithecus coquereli (Coquerel's sifaka) [GN:
pcoq ]
Gene 105805159 CACNA1I; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I [KO:K04856 ]
105805232 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
105805290 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
105806167 PLCB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
105806182 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
105806461 PBX1; pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09355 ]
105806950 NCEH1; neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 [KO:K14349 ] [EC:3.1.1.-]
105807332 CRHR2; corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04579 ]
105807364 DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
105809025 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
105811104 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
105811873 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
105811984 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
105812493 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
105812706 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
105812929 CACNA1H; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H [KO:K04855 ]
105813715 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
105814579 KCNA4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 4 [KO:K04877 ]
105815218 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
105815495 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
105815570 ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450 ]
105815791 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
105815848 STAR; steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, mitochondrial [KO:K16931 ]
105815849 ASH2L; set1/Ash2 histone methyltransferase complex subunit ASH2 [KO:K14964 ]
105816783 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
105817861 ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049 ]
105817898 NR4A1; nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04465 ]
105819072 CRHR1; corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04578 ]
105819434 DVL2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
105820021 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
105820084 GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
105820836 MRAP; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein [KO:K22398 ]
105820951 DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
105821123 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
105821904 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
105823945 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870 ]
105824424 CACNA1G; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
105825594 ORAI1; calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 [KO:K16056 ]
105826535 PDE8B; high affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B isoform X1 [KO:K18437 ] [EC:3.1.4.53 ]
105826973 RASD1; dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K07843 ]
105827297 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
Compound C01176 17alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05138 17alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone
C07557 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
Reference Authors Lacroix A, Feelders RA, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK
Title Cushing's syndrome.
Journal Reference Authors Xiong Q, Ge W
Title Gene mutations in Cushing's disease.
Journal Reference Authors Fukuoka H, Takahashi Y
Title The role of genetic and epigenetic changes in pituitary tumorigenesis.
Journal Reference Authors Quereda V, Malumbres M
Title Cell cycle control of pituitary development and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Caimari F, Korbonits M
Title Novel Genetic Causes of Pituitary Adenomas.
Journal Reference Authors Lecoq AL, Kamenicky P, Guiochon-Mantel A, Chanson P
Title Genetic mutations in sporadic pituitary adenomas--what to screen for?
Journal Reference Authors Hannah-Shmouni F, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA
Title Alterations of Phosphodiesterases in Adrenocortical Tumors.
Journal Reference Authors Melmed S
Title Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors.
Journal Reference Authors Daly AF, Tichomirowa MA, Beckers A
Title Genetic, molecular and clinical features of familial isolated pituitary adenomas.
Journal Reference Authors Albani A, Theodoropoulou M, Reincke M
Title Genetics of Cushing's disease.
Journal Reference Authors Duan K, Hernandez KG, Mete O
Title Clinicopathological correlates of adrenal Cushing's syndrome.
Journal Reference Authors Drougat L, Espiard S, Bertherat J
Title Genetics of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: a model for early diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome?
Journal Reference Authors Stratakis CA, Boikos SA
Title Genetics of adrenal tumors associated with Cushing's syndrome: a new classification for bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasias.
Journal Reference Authors Refojo D, Holsboer F
Title CRH signaling. Molecular specificity for drug targeting in the CNS.
Journal Reference Authors Kovalovsky D, Refojo D, Liberman AC, Hochbaum D, Pereda MP, Coso OA, Stalla GK, Holsboer F, Arzt E
Title Activation and induction of NUR77/NURR1 in corticotrophs by CRH/cAMP: involvement of calcium, protein kinase A, and MAPK pathways.
Journal Reference Authors Lacroix A, Baldacchino V, Bourdeau I, Hamet P, Tremblay J
Title Cushing's syndrome variants secondary to aberrant hormone receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Reincke M, Sbiera S, Hayakawa A, Theodoropoulou M, Osswald A, Beuschlein F, Meitinger T, Mizuno-Yamasaki E, Kawaguchi K, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Wieland T, Graf E, Saeger W, Ronchi CL, Allolio B, Buchfelder M, Strom TM, Fassnacht M, Komada M
Title Mutations in the deubiquitinase gene USP8 cause Cushing's disease.
Journal Reference Authors Kaiser UB
Title Cushing's disease: towards precision medicine.
Journal Reference Authors Uzilov AV, Cheesman KC, Fink MY, Newman LC, Pandya C, Lalazar Y, Hefti M, Fowkes M, Deikus G, Lau CY, Moe AS, Kinoshita Y, Kasai Y, Zweig M, Gupta A, Starcevic D, Mahajan M, Schadt EE, Post KD, Donovan MJ, Sebra R, Chen R, Geer EB
Title Identification of a novel RASD1 somatic mutation in a USP8-mutated corticotroph adenoma.
Journal Reference Authors Huang C, Shi Y, Zhao Y
Title USP8 mutation in Cushing's disease.
Journal Reference Authors Theodoropoulou M, Reincke M, Fassnacht M, Komada M
Title Decoding the genetic basis of Cushing's disease: USP8 in the spotlight.
Journal Reference Authors Yu L, Zhang J, Guo X, Chen X, He Z, He Q
Title ARMC5 mutations in familial and sporadic primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia.
Journal Reference Authors Wu X, Hua X
Title Menin, histone h3 methyltransferases, and regulation of cell proliferation: current knowledge and perspective.
Journal Reference Authors Ozfirat Z, Korbonits M
Title AIP gene and familial isolated pituitary adenomas.
Journal Related pcoq04960 Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption
KO pathway 
