Entry Name Cholinergic synapse - Herpailurus yagouaroundi (jaguarundi)
Description Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Herpailurus yagouaroundi (jaguarundi) [GN:
pyu ]
Gene 121011002 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
121011233 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
121011761 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808 ]
121012476 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
121012479 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
121014032 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 isoform X1 [KO:K04347 ]
121014070 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344 ]
121014969 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
121015668 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813 ]
121015682 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
121015777 KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 isoform X1 [KO:K05005 ]
121015920 PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
121015922 PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
121016834 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
121016945 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
121017556 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929 ]
121017640 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
121018664 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04544 ]
121018718 KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
121019302 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
121019755 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
121020031 CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04806 ]
121020035 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927 ]
121020286 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849 ]
121020585 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121021362 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
121021435 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
121021509 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
121021720 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857 ]
121021966 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
121022112 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
121023145 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04541 ]
121023752 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926 ]
121023937 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
121023990 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
121026060 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
121027050 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
121027288 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
121027385 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
121027636 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
121028276 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
121028557 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
121028731 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
121028732 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
121028803 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
121028875 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121029298 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
121029666 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930 ]
121030576 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997 ]
121030635 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
121030974 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
121031761 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
121033733 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121034018 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
121034022 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
121034643 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
121034834 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
121035941 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
121036802 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
121038795 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
121040318 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
121041326 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
121041495 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
121041716 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539 ]
121042238 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04815 ]
121042239 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805 ]
121042523 CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809 ]
121043081 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928 ]
121043476 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
121044824 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
121045049 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
121045329 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference Authors Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference Authors Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference Authors Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal Reference Authors Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal Reference Authors Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference Authors Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal Reference Authors Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Brown DA
Title Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Chang KT, Berg DK
Title Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal Reference Authors Soreq H, Seidman S
Title Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal Reference Authors Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal Reference Authors Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal Reference Authors Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal Reference Authors Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal Related KO pathway
