KEGG   PATHWAY: pcad05223
Entry
pcad05223                   Pathway                                
Name
Non-small cell lung cancer - Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale)
Description
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men and women in industrialized countries. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer and represents a heterogeneous group of cancers, consisting mainly of squamous cell (SCC), adeno (AC) and large-cell carcinoma. Molecular mechanisms altered in NSCLC include activation of oncogenes, such as K-RAS, EGFR and EML4-ALK, and inactivation of tumorsuppressor genes, such as p53, p16INK4a, RAR-beta, and RASSF1. Point mutations within the K-RAS gene inactivate GTPase activity and the p21-RAS protein continuously transmits growth signals to the nucleus. Mutations or overexpression of EGFR leads to a proliferative advantage. EML4-ALK fusion leads to constitutive ALK activation, which causes cell proliferation, invasion, and inhibition of apoptosis. Inactivating mutation of p53 can lead to more rapid proliferation and reduced apoptosis. The protein encoded by the p16INK4a inhibits formation of CDK-cyclin-D complexes by competitive binding of CDK4 and CDK6. Loss of p16INK4a expression is a common feature of NSCLC. RAR-beta is a nuclear receptor that bears vitamin-A-dependent transcriptional activity. RASSF1A is able to form heterodimers with Nore-1, an RAS effector.Therefore loss of RASSF1A might shift the balance of RAS activity towards a growth-promoting effect.
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: specific types
Pathway map
pcad05223  Non-small cell lung cancer
pcad05223

Disease
H00014  Non-small cell lung cancer
Organism
Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale) [GN:pcad]
Gene
102973179  RXRB; retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta isoform X2 [KO:K08525]
102973542  TGFA; protransforming growth factor alpha isoform X4 [KO:K08774]
102973948  [KO:K08528]
102974256  DDB2; DNA damage-binding protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K10140]
102974274  ARAF; serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf isoform X1 [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102974383  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102974655  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
102974888  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102974987  GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402]
102975467  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102975555  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
102976146  E2F3; transcription factor E2F3 isoform X1 [KO:K06620]
102976634  POLK; DNA polymerase kappa isoform X1 [KO:K03511] [EC:2.7.7.7]
102976660  KIF5B; kinesin-1 heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K10396]
102976764  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
102976971  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102977108  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102977125  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
102977392  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102977431  EGF; pro-epidermal growth factor isoform X1 [KO:K04357]
102978925  SOS2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: son of sevenless homolog 2 [KO:K03099]
102978952  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102978994  [KO:K11223]
102979937  STK4; serine/threonine-protein kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04411]
102980836  RXRG; retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma [KO:K08526]
102980970  FOXO3; forkhead box protein O3 isoform X2 [KO:K09408]
102981524  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102981677  [KO:K03099]
102981918  KIF5A; kinesin heavy chain [KO:K10396]
102982641  NRAS; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
102983230  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102983752  EML4; echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 isoform X1 [KO:K15420]
102983841  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102984305  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102984604  RET; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret isoform X2 [KO:K05126] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102984840  [KO:K06621]
102985179  CDK4; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
102985658  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
102985832  RARB; retinoic acid receptor beta isoform X1 [KO:K08528]
102986098  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102986518  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402]
102986916  BRAF; serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf isoform X3 [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102987522  MET; hepatocyte growth factor receptor [KO:K05099] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102987866  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X2 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102988118  ALK; ALK tyrosine kinase receptor [KO:K05119] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102989074  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102989458  CASP9; caspase-9 isoform X1 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
102990026  JAK3; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 [KO:K11218] [EC:2.7.10.2]
102990087  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102990192  ERBB2; receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05083] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102991092  BAK1; bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer [KO:K14021]
102991192  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649]
102991639  SOS1; son of sevenless homolog 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03099]
102991779  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
102992191  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102992196  HGF; hepatocyte growth factor isoform X2 [KO:K05460]
102992401  RXRA; retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha [KO:K08524]
102992439  [KO:K07828]
102992532  CDK6; cyclin-dependent kinase 6 isoform X1 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
102992700  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102993084  KIF5C; kinesin heavy chain [KO:K10396]
102993403  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402]
102993481  E2F1; transcription factor E2F1 [KO:K17454]
102994150  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102994339  STAT5B; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B [KO:K11224]
102994715  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X2 [KO:K02833]
102994734  RASSF1; ras association domain-containing protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K09850]
102995201  RB1; retinoblastoma-associated protein [KO:K06618]
102995437  CDKN1A; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 [KO:K06625]
102995774  RASSF5; ras association domain-containing protein 5 [KO:K08015]
102995999  FHIT; bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase isoform X1 [KO:K01522] [EC:3.6.1.29]
102996914  CCND1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 [KO:K04503]
102996979  [KO:K09389]
114483947  [KO:K04364]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00777  Retinoate
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C15493  9-cis-Retinoic acid
Reference
  Authors
Osada H, Takahashi T.
  Title
Genetic alterations of multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenes in the carcinogenesis and progression of lung cancer.
  Journal
Oncogene 21:7421-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1205802
Reference
  Authors
Yokota J, Nishioka M, Tani M, Kohno T.
  Title
Genetic alterations responsible for metastatic phenotypes of lung cancer cells.
  Journal
Clin Exp Metastasis 20:189-93 (2003)
DOI:10.1023/a:1022978932215
Reference
  Authors
Aviel-Ronen S, Blackhall FH, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS.
  Title
K-ras mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a review.
  Journal
Clin Lung Cancer 8:30-8 (2006)
DOI:10.3816/CLC.2006.n.030
Reference
  Authors
Pfeifer GP, Dammann R.
  Title
Methylation of the tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A in human tumors.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 70:576-83 (2005)
DOI:10.1007/s10541-005-0151-y
Reference
  Authors
Altucci L, Gronemeyer H.
  Title
The promise of retinoids to fight against cancer.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 1:181-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35106036
Reference
  Authors
Virmani AK, Rathi A, Zochbauer-Muller S, Sacchi N, Fukuyama Y, Bryant D, Maitra A, Heda S, Fong KM, Thunnissen F, Minna JD, Gazdar AF.
  Title
Promoter methylation and silencing of the retinoic acid receptor-beta gene in lung carcinomas.
  Journal
J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1303-7 (2000)
DOI:10.1093/jnci/92.16.1303
Reference
  Authors
Hirsch FR, Scagliotti GV, Langer CJ, Varella-Garcia M, Franklin WA.
  Title
Epidermal growth factor family of receptors in preneoplasia and lung cancer: perspectives for targeted therapies.
  Journal
Lung Cancer 41 Suppl 1:S29-42 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0169-5002(03)00137-5
Reference
  Authors
Panani AD, Roussos C.
  Title
Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of lung cancer.
  Journal
Cancer Lett 239:1-9 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.030
Reference
  Authors
Mitsuuchi Y, Testa JR.
  Title
Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of lung cancer.
  Journal
Am J Med Genet 115:183-8 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/ajmg.10692
Reference
  Authors
Breuer RH, Postmus PE, Smit EF.
  Title
Molecular pathology of non-small-cell lung cancer.
  Journal
Respiration 72:313-30 (2005)
DOI:10.1159/000085376
Reference
  Authors
Piyathilake CJ, Frost AR, Manne U, Weiss H, Bell WC, Heimburger DC, Grizzle WE.
  Title
Differential expression of growth factors in squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions of the lung.
  Journal
Clin Cancer Res 8:734-44 (2002)
Reference
  Authors
Awaya H, Takeshima Y, Furonaka O, Kohno N, Inai K.
  Title
Gene amplification and protein expression of EGFR and HER2 by chromogenic in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung.
  Journal
J Clin Pathol 58:1076-80 (2005)
DOI:10.1136/jcp.2004.025585
Reference
  Authors
Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa S, Fujiwara S, Watanabe H, Kurashina K, Hatanaka H, Bando M, Ohno S, Ishikawa Y, Aburatani H, Niki T, Sohara Y, Sugiyama Y, Mano H
  Title
Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer.
  Journal
Nature 448:561-6 (2007)
DOI:10.1038/nature05945
Reference
  Authors
Choi YL, Takeuchi K, Soda M, Inamura K, Togashi Y, Hatano S, Enomoto M, Hamada T, Haruta H, Watanabe H, Kurashina K, Hatanaka H, Ueno T, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Sugiyama Y, Ishikawa Y, Mano H
  Title
Identification of novel isoforms of the EML4-ALK transforming gene in non-small cell lung cancer.
  Journal
Cancer Res 68:4971-6 (2008)
DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6158
Reference
  Authors
Janne PA, Gray N, Settleman J
  Title
Factors underlying sensitivity of cancers to small-molecule kinase inhibitors.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 8:709-23 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrd2871
Reference
  Authors
Roskoski R Jr
  Title
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK): structure, oncogenic activation, and pharmacological inhibition.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 68:68-94 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.007
Reference
  Authors
Reungwetwattana T, Weroha SJ, Molina JR
  Title
Oncogenic pathways, molecularly targeted therapies, and highlighted clinical trials in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  Journal
Clin Lung Cancer 13:252-66 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.cllc.2011.09.004
Reference
  Authors
Popat S, Gonzalez D, Min T, Swansbury J, Dainton M, Croud JG, Rice AJ, Nicholson AG
  Title
ALK translocation is associated with ALK immunoreactivity and extensive signet-ring morphology in primary lung adenocarcinoma.
  Journal
Lung Cancer 75:300-5 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.07.017
Reference
  Authors
Yoshida A, Tsuta K, Nakamura H, Kohno T, Takahashi F, Asamura H, Sekine I, Fukayama M, Shibata T, Furuta K, Tsuda H
  Title
Comprehensive histologic analysis of ALK-rearranged lung carcinomas.
  Journal
Am J Surg Pathol 35:1226-34 (2011)
DOI:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182233e06
Reference
  Authors
Shaozhang Z, Xiaomei L, Aiping Z, Jianbo H, Xiangqun S, Qitao Y
  Title
Detection of EML4-ALK fusion genes in non-small cell lung cancer patients with clinical features associated with EGFR mutations.
  Journal
Genes Chromosomes Cancer 51:925-32 (2012)
DOI:10.1002/gcc.21976
Reference
  Authors
Toyooka S, Mitsudomi T, Soh J, Aokage K, Yamane M, Oto T, Kiura K, Miyoshi S
  Title
Molecular oncology of lung cancer.
  Journal
Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 59:527-37 (2011)
DOI:10.1007/s11748-010-0743-3
Reference
  Authors
Koudelakova V, Kneblova M, Trojanec R, Drabek J, Hajduch M
  Title
Non-small cell lung cancer--genetic predictors.
  Journal
Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 157:125-36 (2013)
DOI:10.5507/bp.2013.034
Reference
  Authors
Takeuchi K
  Title
Discovery Stories of RET Fusions in Lung Cancer: A Mini-Review.
  Journal
Front Physiol 10:216 (2019)
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2019.00216
Reference
  Authors
Ferrara R, Auger N, Auclin E, Besse B
  Title
Clinical and Translational Implications of RET Rearrangements in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
  Journal
J Thorac Oncol 13:27-45 (2018)
DOI:10.1016/j.jtho.2017.10.021
Reference
  Authors
Santoro M, Moccia M, Federico G, Carlomagno F
  Title
RET Gene Fusions in Malignancies of the Thyroid and Other Tissues.
  Journal
Genes (Basel) 11:genes11040424 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/genes11040424
Related
pathway
pcad04010  MAPK signaling pathway
pcad04012  ErbB signaling pathway
pcad04014  Ras signaling pathway
pcad04020  Calcium signaling pathway
pcad04110  Cell cycle
pcad04115  p53 signaling pathway
pcad04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko05223   

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