KEGG   PATHWAY: bta04725
Entry
bta04725                    Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Bos taurus (cow)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
bta04725  Cholinergic synapse
bta04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Bos taurus (cow) [GN:bta]
Gene
524732  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
540446  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase precursor [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
785833  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
281684  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
281685  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
281686  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
536654  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
281788  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
287026  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
281985  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
515669  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
508888  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
317697  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
281878  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
281879  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
282001  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
282325  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
282002  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
784876  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
505963  KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927]
281884  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928]
528741  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929]
613605  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930]
281883  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
538479  KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005]
101906792  KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998]
540740  KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007]
522170  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
512928  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
281790  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
281791  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
539521  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
281792  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534]
281201  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
281202  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
513340  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
525962  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
535365  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
281203  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
281204  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
100125276  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
287018  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
104968964  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
618399  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
618470  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544]
613930  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
511812  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
286850  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
529425  GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347]
517006  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
281796  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548]
281797  GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549]
526088  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997]
520743  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
530001  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
614838  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X3 [KO:K21290]
515621  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290]
100298939  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform 1 [KO:K02833]
100847184  GTPase HRas-like [KO:K02833]
541140  KRAS; GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
506322  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
533199  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
101905399  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1-like [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
327672  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
531391  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
280795  FOS; protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
282178  CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 precursor [KO:K04809]
537251  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 precursor [KO:K04806]
517519  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 precursor [KO:K04813]
282702  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 precursor [KO:K04805]
282181  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 precursor [KO:K04815]
539113  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808]
281601  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
510708  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
535603  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
788151  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
505740  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
509936  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
281603  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
535017  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
525482  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
282322  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
282323  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
281713  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
509107  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
281715  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
513105  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
513010  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
529566  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X5 [KO:K09048]
785086  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
534129  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 [KO:K09047]
282162  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
525416  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
530719  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
532713  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100337083  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV isoform X2 [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
525246  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 isoform X1 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
527263  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
282306  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
517948  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
504531  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
282308  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
286865  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
282307  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649]
534923  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
280991  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100137872  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
281020  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
282648  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344]
282410  CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849]
408015  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
408013  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851]
509779  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853]
100337204  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857]
512311  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
bta00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
bta04010  MAPK signaling pathway
bta04020  Calcium signaling pathway
bta04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
bta04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   
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