KEGG   PATHWAY: pmur04210
Entry
pmur04210                   Pathway                                
Name
Apoptosis - Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Taiwan habu)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
pmur04210  Apoptosis
pmur04210

Other DBs
GO: 0006915
Organism
Protobothrops mucrosquamatus (Taiwan habu) [GN:pmur]
Gene
107282238  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
107282273  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
107282460  [KO:K02159]
107282493  [KO:K07827]
107282504  [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
107282547  [KO:K02159]
107282702  [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
107282765  [KO:K08738]
107283264  LMNB1; lamin-B1 [KO:K07611]
107283297  CASP6; caspase-6 [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
107283580  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
107283596  [KO:K02649]
107283894  PIDD1; p53-induced death domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K10130]
107283909  CTSH; pro-cathepsin H [KO:K01366] [EC:3.4.22.16]
107283932  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
107284053  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
107284057  NGF; beta-nerve growth factor [KO:K02582]
107284100  [KO:K03158]
107284206  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator [KO:K07210]
107284702  SEPTIN4; septin-5 [KO:K16943]
107284835  ATM; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine-protein kinase ATM [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
107284852  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
107284997  [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
107285678  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
107285699  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
107285792  RIPK1; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
107285843  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
107285955  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
107286152  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
107286243  [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
107286355  [KO:K16060]
107286384  TUBA1A; tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
107286385  TUBA1C; tubulin alpha-1C chain [KO:K07374]
107286546  TNFSF10; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 [KO:K04721]
107286753  ACTG1; actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
107286857  BCL2A1; bcl-2-related protein A1 [KO:K02162]
107287002  DIABLO; diablo homolog, mitochondrial [KO:K10522]
107287061  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
107287068  BAK1; bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer [KO:K14021]
107287110  [KO:K07374]
107287485  FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
107287923  HRAS; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
107287960  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
107287975  CTSO; cathepsin O [KO:K01374] [EC:3.4.22.42]
107288074  CAPN2; calpain-2 catalytic subunit [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
107288113  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha-4A chain isoform X1 [KO:K07374]
107288115  [KO:K07374]
107288132  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
107288235  PARP4; protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.-]
107289312  CTSB; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
107289968  CASP2; caspase-2 [KO:K02186] [EC:3.4.22.55]
107289986  [KO:K07374]
107290052  BIRC5; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 [KO:K08731]
107290157  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402]
107290218  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
107290550  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 [KO:K02084]
107290564  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
107290778  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
107290866  PMAIP1; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 [KO:K10131]
107291041  PARP3; protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP3 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.-]
107291208  PARP1; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 [KO:K24070]
107291376  CASP9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
107291387  DFFB; DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta [KO:K02311] [EC:3.-.-.-]
107291445  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
107291550  CASP7; caspase-7 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
107291569  AIFM1; apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
107291756  [KO:K04724]
107291880  BCL2L11; bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform X2 [KO:K16341]
107291928  [KO:K08731]
107292269  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
107292278  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726]
107292340  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
107292347  DFFA; DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha [KO:K02310]
107292494  HTRA2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
107292903  MCL1; induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 [KO:K02539]
107292918  CTSK; cathepsin K [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
107292919  CTSS; cathepsin S [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
107292942  [KO:K04722]
107292994  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
107293286  [KO:K03172]
107293420  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
107293430  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
107293466  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
107293594  [KO:K02374]
107293605  LMNB2; lamin-B2 [KO:K07611]
107293774  TRADD; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein [KO:K03171]
107293806  [KO:K01373] [EC:3.4.22.41]
107293871  [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
107293954  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X3 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
107294161  CTSC; dipeptidyl peptidase 1 [KO:K01275] [EC:3.4.14.1]
107294352  [KO:K07374]
107294355  [KO:K07374]
107294378  CAPN1; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
107294458  [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
107294632  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
107294709  [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
107295065  DAB2IP; disabled homolog 2-interacting protein [KO:K19901]
107295320  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
107295321  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
107295492  [KO:K02159]
107295520  [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
107295542  [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
107295639  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
107295708  PARP2; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 [KO:K28005]
107295711  [KO:K07818]
107296227  [KO:K07818]
107296269  [KO:K07827]
107296465  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
107296549  [KO:K03156]
107296550  [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
107296819  [KO:K07374]
107296840  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402]
107296977  CASP10; caspase-10 [KO:K04400] [EC:3.4.22.63]
107297057  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
107297107  CTSW; cathepsin W [KO:K08569] [EC:3.4.22.-]
107297118  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
107297409  XIAP; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
107297417  LMNA; lamin [KO:K12641]
107298106  [KO:K05692]
107298512  NTRK1; high affinity nerve growth factor receptor [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
107298633  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
107298924  SPTAN1; spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1 [KO:K06114]
107299002  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit [KO:K02580]
107299049  [KO:K04451]
107299065  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
107299154  [KO:K07374]
107299329  ENDOG; endonuclease G, mitochondrial [KO:K01173]
107299406  GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402]
107299991  [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
107300486  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
107300965  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
107301120  [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
107301213  [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
107301245  [KO:K02158]
107301399  [KO:K02310]
107301596  [KO:K12641]
107302294  [KO:K04402]
107302385  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
107302433  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
107302456  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
107302543  TRAF2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
107302566  CSF2RB; cytokine receptor common subunit beta [KO:K04738]
107302608  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
107302670  CASP3; caspase-3 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
107303029  MAP3K14; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
107303160  PTPN13; tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 [KO:K02374]
107303183  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114923204  [KO:K02308]
114923592  [KO:K04722]
114923654  [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
114923686  [KO:K03172]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:26615431
  Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
  Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 80:1393-417 (2015)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297915110012
Reference
PMID:23803157
  Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
  Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 11:44 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-11-44
Reference
PMID:15654015
  Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
  Title
Death receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:265-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.01610
Reference
PMID:15725726
  Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
  Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Ther 4:139-63 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cbt.4.2.1508
Reference
PMID:15322527
  Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
  Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 5:686-700 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1477
Reference
PMID:12838338
  Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
  Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1150
Reference
PMID:19148180
  Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
  Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:144-55 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2071
Reference
PMID:22429822
  Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
  Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
  Journal
Cell Prolif 45:217-24 (2012)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00814.x
Reference
PMID:25526085
  Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
  Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:526-39 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.216
Reference
PMID:15601572
  Authors
Philchenkov A
  Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 8:432-44 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
Reference
PMID:9894605
  Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
  Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 5:997-1000 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400451
Reference
PMID:23070002
  Authors
Safa AR
  Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
  Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
PMID:18304445
  Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
  Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 41:11-22 (2008)
DOI:10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.011
Reference
PMID:20533903
  Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
  Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
  Journal
Essays Biochem 47:99-114 (2010)
DOI:10.1042/bse0470099
Reference
PMID:15719025
  Authors
Strasser A
  Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:189-200 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1568
Reference
PMID:24278747
  Authors
Schonthal AH
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
  Journal
Scientifica (Cairo) 2012:857516 (2012)
DOI:10.6064/2012/857516
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18023214
  Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
  Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:716-31 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.003
Reference
PMID:16397578
  Authors
Wu J, Kaufman RJ
  Title
From acute ER stress to physiological roles of the Unfolded Protein Response.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 13:374-84 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401840
Reference
PMID:21914490
  Authors
Repnik U, Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1824:22-33 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.016
Reference
PMID:22465226
  Authors
Cesen MH, Pegan K, Spes A, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomal pathways to cell death and their therapeutic applications.
  Journal
Exp Cell Res 318:1245-51 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.005
Reference
PMID:26231733
  Authors
Dashzeveg N, Yoshida K
  Title
Cell death decision by p53 via control of the mitochondrial membrane.
  Journal
Cancer Lett 367:108-12 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.019
Reference
PMID:22075987
  Authors
Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR
  Title
Caspase-2: the orphan caspase.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 19:51-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.157
Reference
PMID:18238895
  Authors
Baptiste-Okoh N, Barsotti AM, Prives C
  Title
A role for caspase 2 and PIDD in the process of p53-mediated apoptosis.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1937-42 (2008)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0711800105
Reference
PMID:12949498
  Authors
Aggarwal BB
  Title
Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 3:745-56 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nri1184
Reference
PMID:14737178
  Authors
Steelman LS, Pohnert SC, Shelton JG, Franklin RA, Bertrand FE, McCubrey JA.
  Title
JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis.
  Journal
Leukemia 18:189-218 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/sj.leu.2403241
Reference
PMID:9916983
  Authors
Dragovich T, Rudin CM, Thompson CB
  Title
Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death.
  Journal
Oncogene 17:3207-13 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1202587
Reference
PMID:11520933
  Authors
Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC
  Title
Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair.
  Journal
Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1217-81 (2001)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1217
Reference
PMID:24769728
  Authors
Kristiansen M, Ham J
  Title
Programmed cell death during neuronal development: the sympathetic neuron model.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 21:1025-35 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.47
Reference
PMID:18208375
  Authors
Logue SE, Martin SJ
  Title
Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochem Soc Trans 36:1-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1042/BST0360001
Reference
PMID:19770840
  Authors
Boivin WA, Cooper DM, Hiebert PR, Granville DJ
  Title
Intracellular versus extracellular granzyme B in immunity and disease: challenging the dogma.
  Journal
Lab Invest 89:1195-220 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/labinvest.2009.91
Reference
PMID:20075940
  Authors
Cullen SP, Brunet M, Martin SJ
  Title
Granzymes in cancer and immunity.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 17:616-23 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2009.206
Reference
PMID:36652128
  Authors
Liu K, Lan D, Li C, Liu S, Dai X, Song T, Wang X, Kong Q, He Z, Tan J, Zhang J
  Title
A double-edged sword: role of apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in tumorigenesis and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
  Journal
Apoptosis 28:313-325 (2023)
DOI:10.1007/s10495-022-01802-4
Related
pathway
pmur04010  MAPK signaling pathway
pmur04020  Calcium signaling pathway
pmur04115  p53 signaling pathway
pmur04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
ko04210   

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