KEGG   PATHWAY: dnm05012
Entry
dnm05012                    Pathway                                
Name
Parkinson disease - Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo)
Description
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Both environmental factors and mutations in familial PD-linked genes such as SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK1 and LRRK2 are associated with PD pathogenesis. These pathogenic mutations and environmental factors are known to cause disease due to oxidative stress, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis impairment, mitochondrial dysfunctions and altered protein handling compromising key roles of DA neuronal function and survival. The demise of DA neurons located in the SNc leads to a drop in the dopaminergic input to the striatum, which is hypothesized to impede movement by inducing hypo and hyper activity in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of the direct (dSPNs) and indirect (iSPNs) pathways in the basal ganglia, respectively.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
Pathway map
dnm05012  Parkinson disease
dnm05012

Organism
Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) [GN:dnm]
Gene
101430150  ADORA2A; adenosine receptor A2a [KO:K04266]
101426937  GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha [KO:K04633]
101428152  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55-like [KO:K04632]
101430977  DRD2; D(2) dopamine receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04145]
101447951  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X2 [KO:K04630]
101441349  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
101426647  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
101417345  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101413809  cAMP-dependent protein kinase type 2 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101423692  PRKACB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101445596  uncharacterized protein LOC101445596 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101427192  DRD1; D(1A) dopamine receptor [KO:K04144]
101447210  UBA1; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
101438368  UBA7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 7 [KO:K10698] [EC:6.2.1.45]
101433896  polyubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
101434452  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
101430401  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
111759830  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like [KO:K02927]
101435506  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like isoform X1 [KO:K02927]
101434303  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
101429945  ubiquitin-like [KO:K02977]
101432131  UBB; polyubiquitin-B [KO:K04551]
101412320  polyubiquitin-B-like [KO:K04551]
101425186  polyubiquitin-like [KO:K04551]
101415901  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
101417781  UBE2L3; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 isoform X1 [KO:K04552] [EC:2.3.2.23]
101437368  UBE2L6; ubiquitin/ISG15-conjugating enzyme E2 L6 [KO:K04553] [EC:2.3.2.23]
101441957  UBE2J2; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J2 [KO:K04554] [EC:2.3.2.23]
101447642  UBE2J1; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J1 [KO:K10578] [EC:2.3.2.23]
101435023  UBE2G2; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G2 [KO:K04555] [EC:2.3.2.23]
111760124  UBE2G1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G1 [KO:K10575] [EC:2.3.2.23]
101440790  PRKN; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin [KO:K04556] [EC:2.3.2.31]
101441481  SNCA; alpha-synuclein [KO:K04528]
101418615  GPR37; prosaposin receptor GPR37 [KO:K04243]
101427324  SEPT5; septin-5 [KO:K04557]
101419347  SNCAIP; synphilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04558]
101413442  PSMA6; proteasome subunit alpha type-6 [KO:K02730] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101442089  PSMA2; proteasome subunit alpha type-2 [KO:K02726] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101424495  PSMA4; proteasome subunit alpha type-4 [KO:K02728] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101416667  PSMA7; proteasome subunit alpha type-7 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101442217  PSMA8; proteasome subunit alpha type-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101423206  PSMA5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proteasome subunit alpha type-5 [KO:K02729] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101441413  PSMA1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proteasome subunit alpha type-1 [KO:K02725] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101426202  proteasome subunit alpha type-3-like [KO:K02727] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101420460  PSMA3; proteasome subunit alpha type-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02727] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101411043  PSMB6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proteasome subunit beta type-6 [KO:K02738] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101428566  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proteasome subunit beta type-7-like [KO:K02739] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101421409  PSMB7; proteasome subunit beta type-7 [KO:K02739] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101417745  proteasome subunit beta type-3-like [KO:K02735] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101416657  PSMB3; proteasome subunit beta type-3 [KO:K02735] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101426960  PSMB2; proteasome subunit beta type-2 [KO:K02734] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101414488  PSMB5; proteasome subunit beta type-5 [KO:K02737] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101434834  PSMB1; proteasome subunit beta type-1 [KO:K02732] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101427222  PSMB4; proteasome subunit beta type-4 [KO:K02736] [EC:3.4.25.1]
101446378  PSMC2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03061]
101416831  PSMC1; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K03062]
101414631  PSMC4; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B [KO:K03063]
101428360  PSMC6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B [KO:K03064]
101436834  PSMC3; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A isoform X1 [KO:K03065]
101445299  PSMC5; 26S protease regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03066]
101432441  PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028]
101423375  PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K03032]
101431882  PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033]
101443144  PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 [KO:K06693]
101420436  PSMD12; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035]
101439386  PSMD11; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036]
101431001  PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K03037]
101443291  PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038]
101415689  PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 [KO:K03039]
101421174  PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029]
101420685  PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030]
101433348  PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031]
101413566  ADRM1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 [KO:K06691]
101432163  UCHL1; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 [KO:K05611] [EC:3.4.19.12]
101430299  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
101416595  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
105744587  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
101417995  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
101437415  calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
101412843  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X2 [KO:K02183]
101426965  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
101442429  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101445683  CAMK2B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101438745  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X4 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101427403  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101419371  MAPT; microtubule-associated protein tau [KO:K04380]
101445731  RYR3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ryanodine receptor 3 [KO:K04963]
101429543  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
101423325  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
101425999  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
101411498  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101433325  HSPA5; 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein [KO:K09490] [EC:3.6.4.10]
101411485  ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha [KO:K09054]
101427474  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
101435833  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
101422727  XBP1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: X-box-binding protein 1 [KO:K09027]
101414351  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101421250  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
101410933  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
101410879  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4-like [KO:K04374]
101426308  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tyrosine 3-monooxygenase [KO:K00501] [EC:1.14.16.2]
101433264  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
101445744  MAOB; amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
101431703  SLC18A1; chromaffin granule amine transporter [KO:K08155]
101428255  SLC18A2; synaptic vesicular amine transporter [KO:K08155]
101445869  SLC11A2; natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 isoform X2 [KO:K21398]
101443638  SLC39A1; zinc transporter ZIP1 [KO:K14709]
101437313  SLC39A3; zinc transporter ZIP3 [KO:K14709]
101445825  SLC39A2; zinc transporter ZIP2 isoform X1 [KO:K14709]
101441702  SLC39A4; zinc transporter ZIP4 [KO:K14710]
101425711  SLC39A5; zinc transporter ZIP5 [KO:K14711]
101435194  SLC39A6; zinc transporter ZIP6 [KO:K14712]
101414255  SLC39A7; zinc transporter SLC39A7 [KO:K14713]
101429392  SLC39A8; zinc transporter ZIP8 [KO:K14714]
101443369  SLC39A9; zinc transporter ZIP9 [KO:K14715]
101413355  SLC39A10; zinc transporter ZIP10 [KO:K14716]
101439172  SLC39A11; zinc transporter ZIP11 isoform X1 [KO:K14717]
101445958  SLC39A12; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: zinc transporter ZIP12 [KO:K14718]
101435577  SLC39A13; zinc transporter ZIP13 isoform X1 [KO:K14719]
101412335  SLC39A14; zinc transporter ZIP14 isoform X1 [KO:K14720]
808126  ND1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 [KO:K03878] [EC:7.1.1.2]
808135  ND2; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 [KO:K03879] [EC:7.1.1.2]
808128  ND3; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 [KO:K03880] [EC:7.1.1.2]
808133  ND4; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 [KO:K03881] [EC:7.1.1.2]
808134  ND4L; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L [KO:K03882] [EC:7.1.1.2]
808129  ND5; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 [KO:K03883] [EC:7.1.1.2]
808130  ND6; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 [KO:K03884] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101437750  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101444678  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101422946  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944]
111766325  NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945]
101425978  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946]
101418803  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947]
101417423  NDUFA4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
101446420  NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
101423999  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like [KO:K03949]
101420359  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K03949]
101414080  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949]
101446691  NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950]
101431198  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
101414612  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03952]
101416405  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953]
101428131  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial [KO:K03954]
101419155  NDUFAB1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial [KO:K03955]
101446294  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956]
101424213  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352]
101412040  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
101411540  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958]
101436562  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959]
101415588  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960]
101438727  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961]
101430818  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6-like [KO:K03962]
101446876  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962]
101426987  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964]
101436815  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965]
101446230  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
101446035  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351]
101421930  NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101411659  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101439844  NDUFS3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101446493  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937]
101435697  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
101413207  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939]
101446824  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101447262  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101438902  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
101423975  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967]
101442474  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 [KO:K03968]
101415994  SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
101414828  SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
101443113  SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236]
101424472  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00236]
101436746  SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00237]
101435630  succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00237]
101445631  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
808127  CYTB; cytochrome b [KO:K00412]
101423259  cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial [KO:K00413]
101430732  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial [KO:K00414]
101436332  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K00415]
101418910  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial [KO:K00416]
101427723  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7-like [KO:K00417]
101434572  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 [KO:K00417]
101412746  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
101416998  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 [KO:K00419]
101438337  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 10-like [KO:K00420]
808131  COX3; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III [KO:K02262]
808124  COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [KO:K02256] [EC:7.1.1.9]
808136  COX2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit II [KO:K02261]
101427164  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
101446249  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
101433276  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial [KO:K02264]
101412104  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02264]
101421632  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02264]
101425303  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial [KO:K02265]
101433033  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
101417009  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
101441607  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1-like [KO:K02267]
111764248  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1-like [KO:K02267]
101434544  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
101445645  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
101445839  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
111763815  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C [KO:K02268]
101419806  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C [KO:K02268]
101418796  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
101414536  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
101413237  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
111764174  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
101423721  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial [KO:K02271]
101432149  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial [KO:K02271]
111759679  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
111767097  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial [KO:K02272]
101435760  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
101431325  ATP5F1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial [KO:K02132]
101438039  ATP5F1B; ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial [KO:K02133] [EC:7.1.2.2]
101413363  ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X4 [KO:K02136]
101426373  ATP5F1D; ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial [KO:K02134]
111764544  ATP5F1E; ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial [KO:K02135]
111765510  ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02135]
111765918  ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02135]
808125  ATP6; ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 [KO:K02126]
101428713  ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127]
101414657  ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
101413270  ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
101416948  ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
101447272  ATP5PD; ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial [KO:K02138]
101437836  ATP5PO; ATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial [KO:K02137]
101415478  ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial [KO:K02131]
808132  ATP8; ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 [KO:K02125]
101424899  PINK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase PINK1, mitochondrial [KO:K05688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101411295  MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K20858]
101427687  LRRK2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 [KO:K08844] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101422887  HTRA2; serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
101419617  TRAP1; heat shock protein 75 kDa, mitochondrial [KO:K09488]
101413064  VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862]
101447422  VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
101420466  voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
101413116  VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041]
101435433  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
101433135  ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
101415022  SLC25A31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 [KO:K05863]
101432723  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ADP/ATP translocase 3-like [KO:K05863]
101445087  SLC25A5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
101424547  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
111763660  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
111764560  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
101413106  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
101433110  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
101442884  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
101413908  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
101416149  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
111759729  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
101432735  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K02084]
101432519  CASP9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
101441936  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
101411568  protein/nucleic acid deglycase DJ-1-like [KO:K05687] [EC:3.5.1.124]
101445205  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein/nucleic acid deglycase DJ-1-like [KO:K05687] [EC:3.5.1.124]
101427892  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
101432154  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
101441317  MFN1; mitofusin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K21356] [EC:3.6.5.-]
101423208  MFN2; mitofusin-2 [KO:K06030] [EC:3.6.5.-]
101434771  KIF5A; kinesin heavy chain [KO:K10396]
101426868  KIF5C; kinesin heavy chain [KO:K10396]
101435822  KIF5B; kinesin-1 heavy chain [KO:K10396]
101445858  KLC2; kinesin light chain 2 [KO:K10407]
101413241  KLC3; kinesin light chain 3 [KO:K10407]
101443250  KLC1; kinesin light chain 1 isoform X1 [KO:K10407]
101428674  KLC4; kinesin light chain 4 [KO:K10407]
101412632  tubulin alpha-1B chain-like [KO:K07374]
101426121  tubulin alpha-1C chain-like [KO:K07374]
101419528  tubulin alpha-1B chain-like [KO:K07374]
101436325  tubulin alpha-1B chain [KO:K07374]
101437300  tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
101437740  tubulin alpha-1C chain [KO:K07374]
101435656  LRRC74B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 74B [KO:K07374]
101434103  TUBA8; tubulin alpha-8 chain isoform X1 [KO:K07374]
101430720  tubulin alpha-1D chain [KO:K07374]
101431165  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha-4A chain [KO:K07374]
101438629  tubulin alpha-8 chain [KO:K07374]
101425810  TUBB1; tubulin beta-1 chain [KO:K07375]
101428068  tubulin beta chain [KO:K07375]
101439203  TUBB4A; tubulin beta-4A chain [KO:K07375]
101414865  TUBB4B; tubulin beta-4B chain [KO:K07375]
101414361  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC101414361 [KO:K07375]
101432667  TUBB; tubulin beta chain [KO:K07375]
101418816  tubulin beta-2A chain [KO:K07375]
101429135  TUBB6; tubulin beta-6 chain isoform X2 [KO:K07375]
101416069  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
101426146  DUSP1; dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 [KO:K21278] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48]
101420654  NFE2L2; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05638]
101425056  TXN; thioredoxin [KO:K03671]
101424584  TXN2; thioredoxin, mitochondrial [KO:K03671]
101411083  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
101423710  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101416102  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101421932  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101417808  SOD1; superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] [KO:K04565] [EC:1.15.1.1]
101429094  KEAP1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 [KO:K10456]
Compound
C00002  ATP
C00007  Oxygen
C00008  ADP
C00009  Orthophosphate
C00013  Diphosphate
C00020  AMP
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00034  Manganese
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00212  Adenosine
C00355  3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C03758  Dopamine
C04043  3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
C04599  1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
C07593  Rotenone
C11310  1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
C14701  Paraquat
C15231  Maneb
C16844  Hydroxyl radical
C17755  Dopamine quinone
C22381  Reactive oxygen species
Reference
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Expanding insights of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 7:207-19 (2006)
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Reference
PMID:12938733
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Lim KL, Lim TM
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Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: clues from Mendelian syndromes.
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IUBMB Life 55:315-22 (2003)
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Reference
PMID:26501339
  Authors
Bobela W, Aebischer P, Schneider BL
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Alphalpha-Synuclein as a Mediator in the Interplay between Aging and Parkinson's Disease.
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Biomolecules 5:2675-700 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:15767499
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Molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
  Journal
Arch Neurol 62:353-7 (2005)
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Reference
PMID:16972273
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Olanow CW, McNaught KS
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Ubiquitin-proteasome system and Parkinson's disease.
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Mov Disord 21:1806-23 (2006)
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Reference
PMID:18047737
  Authors
Lim KL, Tan JM
  Title
Role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in Parkinson's disease.
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BMC Biochem 8 Suppl 1:S13 (2007)
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Reference
PMID:29090092
  Authors
Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL
  Title
Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatments.
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Transl Neurodegener 6:28 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:12814656
  Authors
Dev KK, van der Putten H, Sommer B, Rovelli G
  Title
Part I: parkin-associated proteins and Parkinson's disease.
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Neuropharmacology 45:1-13 (2003)
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Reference
PMID:20495568
  Authors
Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, Hirsch EC, Farrer M, Schapira AH, Halliday G
  Title
Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle.
  Journal
Nat Med 16:653-61 (2010)
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Reference
PMID:24781149
  Authors
Cali T, Ottolini D, Brini M
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Calcium signaling in Parkinson's disease.
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Cell Tissue Res 357:439-54 (2014)
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Reference
PMID:19230774
  Authors
Bezprozvanny I
  Title
Calcium signaling and neurodegenerative diseases.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 15:89-100 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2009.01.001
Reference
PMID:28468938
  Authors
Zaichick SV, McGrath KM, Caraveo G
  Title
The role of Ca(2+) signaling in Parkinson's disease.
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Dis Model Mech 10:519-535 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:28838811
  Authors
Ludtmann MHR, Abramov AY
  Title
Mitochondrial calcium imbalance in Parkinson's disease.
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Neurosci Lett 663:86-90 (2018)
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Reference
PMID:19663908
  Authors
Sandebring A, Dehvari N, Perez-Manso M, Thomas KJ, Karpilovski E, Cookson MR, Cowburn RF, Cedazo-Minguez A
  Title
Parkin deficiency disrupts calcium homeostasis by modulating phospholipase C signalling.
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FEBS J 276:5041-52 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07201.x
Reference
PMID:23352769
  Authors
Mercado G, Valdes P, Hetz C
  Title
An ERcentric view of Parkinson's disease.
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Trends Mol Med 19:165-75 (2013)
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Reference
PMID:27103567
  Authors
Mercado G, Castillo V, Soto P, Sidhu A
  Title
ER stress and Parkinson's disease: Pathological inputs that converge into the secretory pathway.
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Brain Res 1648:626-632 (2016)
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Reference
PMID:26297973
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  Title
Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease.
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Eur J Pharmacol 765:154-6 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.033
Reference
PMID:31100053
  Authors
Shah A, Chao J, Legido-Quigley C, Chang RC
  Title
Oxyresveratrol exerts ATF4- and Grp78-mediated neuroprotection against endoplasmic reticulum stress in experimental Parkinson's disease.
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Nutr Neurosci 1-16 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:24548101
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Segura-Aguilar J, Paris I, Munoz P, Ferrari E, Zecca L, Zucca FA
  Title
Protective and toxic roles of dopamine in Parkinson's disease.
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J Neurochem 129:898-915 (2014)
DOI:10.1111/jnc.12686
Reference
PMID:31587020
  Authors
Jesko H, Lenkiewicz AM, Wilkaniec A, Adamczyk A
  Title
The interplay between parkin and alpha-synuclein; possible implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 79:276-289 (2019)
Reference
PMID:15189334
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Perez RG, Hastings TG
  Title
Could a loss of alpha-synuclein function put dopaminergic neurons at risk?
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J Neurochem 89:1318-24 (2004)
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Reference
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Segura-Aguilar J
  Title
A new mechanism for protection of dopaminergic neurons mediated by astrocytes.
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Neural Regen Res 10:1225-7 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:27546335
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
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J Neurochem 139 Suppl 1:216-231 (2016)
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Reference
PMID:27581196
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  Title
Emerging (and converging) pathways in Parkinson's disease: keeping mitochondrial wellness.
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Biochem Biophys Res Commun 483:1020-1030 (2017)
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  Title
Melatoninergic System in Parkinson's Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms.
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Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:3472032 (2016)
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Reference
PMID:21674642
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Mitochondria, calcium, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease.
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Oxidative stress-induced signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Neuromolecular Med 16:217-30 (2014)
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PMID:25761946
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The Parkinson Disease Mitochondrial Hypothesis: Where Are We at?
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Neuroscientist 22:266-77 (2016)
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Reference
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  Authors
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Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: be eaten to stay healthy.
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Mol Cell Neurosci 55:37-43 (2013)
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Reference
PMID:20736035
  Authors
Deas E, Wood NW, Plun-Favreau H
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Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: the PINK1-parkin link.
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Biochim Biophys Acta 1813:623-33 (2011)
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Reference
PMID:25611507
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The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in Parkinson's disease.
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Neuron 85:257-73 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:27911343
  Authors
Truban D, Hou X, Caulfield TR, Fiesel FC, Springer W
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PINK1, Parkin, and Mitochondrial Quality Control: What can we Learn about Parkinson's Disease Pathobiology?
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J Parkinsons Dis 7:13-29 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:28823929
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Biosa A, Sandrelli F, Beltramini M, Greggio E, Bubacco L, Bisaglia M
  Title
Recent findings on the physiological function of DJ-1: Beyond Parkinson's disease.
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Neurobiol Dis 108:65-72 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:29147906
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Oh SE, Mouradian MM
  Title
Regulation of Signal Transduction by DJ-1.
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Adv Exp Med Biol 1037:97-131 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:31054074
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Dolgacheva LP, Berezhnov AV, Fedotova EI, Zinchenko VP, Abramov AY
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Role of DJ-1 in the mechanism of pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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J Bioenerg Biomembr 51:175-188 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:30370500
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Melo TQ, Copray SJCVM, Ferrari MFR
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Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity on Protein Quality Control, Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum.
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Neurochem Res 43:2212-2223 (2018)
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Reference
PMID:30937538
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Zhai S, Shen W, Graves SM, Surmeier DJ
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Dopaminergic modulation of striatal function and Parkinson's disease.
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J Neural Transm (Vienna) 126:411-422 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:29720658
  Authors
Parker JG, Marshall JD, Ahanonu B, Wu YW, Kim TH, Grewe BF, Zhang Y, Li JZ, Ding JB, Ehlers MD, Schnitzer MJ
  Title
Diametric neural ensemble dynamics in parkinsonian and dyskinetic states.
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Nature 557:177-182 (2018)
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Related
pathway
dnm00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
dnm00350  Tyrosine metabolism
dnm03050  Proteasome
dnm04020  Calcium signaling pathway
dnm04120  Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
dnm04137  Mitophagy - animal
dnm04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
dnm04210  Apoptosis
dnm04728  Dopaminergic synapse
KO pathway
ko05012   
LinkDB

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