KEGG   PATHWAY: dnm04210
Entry
dnm04210                    Pathway                                
Name
Apoptosis - Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
dnm04210  Apoptosis
dnm04210

Other DBs
GO: 0006915
Organism
Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) [GN:dnm]
Gene
101435481  TNFSF10; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04721]
101438083  TNFRSF10B; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B isoform X1 [KO:K04722]
101417353  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
101413233  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390]
101415698  FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
101420445  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
101431862  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
101428737  TRADD; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein [KO:K03171]
101434584  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X2 [KO:K04724]
101432853  CASP8; caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
101433860  CASP10; caspase-10 isoform X1 [KO:K04400] [EC:3.4.22.63]
101421085  CASP6; caspase-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
101441936  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
101429170  CASP7; caspase-7 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
101438266  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform X1 [KO:K04726]
101432154  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
101426878  BAK1; bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer [KO:K14021]
101416953  DIABLO; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: diablo homolog, mitochondrial [KO:K10522]
101414312  SEPT4; septin-4 isoform X1 [KO:K16943]
101422887  HTRA2; serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
111763660  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
111764560  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
101413106  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
101433110  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
101442884  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
101413908  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
101416149  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
111759729  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
101432735  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K02084]
101432519  CASP9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
101411103  PRF1; perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
101411550  perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
101422721  granzyme H [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
101419645  granzyme H-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
101426115  mast cell protease 1A-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
101412632  tubulin alpha-1B chain-like [KO:K07374]
101426121  tubulin alpha-1C chain-like [KO:K07374]
101419528  tubulin alpha-1B chain-like [KO:K07374]
101436325  tubulin alpha-1B chain [KO:K07374]
101437300  tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
101437740  tubulin alpha-1C chain [KO:K07374]
101435656  LRRC74B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 74B [KO:K07374]
101434103  TUBA8; tubulin alpha-8 chain isoform X1 [KO:K07374]
101430720  tubulin alpha-1D chain [KO:K07374]
101431165  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha-4A chain [KO:K07374]
101438629  tubulin alpha-8 chain [KO:K07374]
101446090  MCL1; induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 [KO:K02539]
101419023  actin, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
101428967  actin, cytoplasmic 1-like [KO:K05692]
101440550  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: actin, clone 302-like [KO:K05692]
101442163  actin, clone 302-like [KO:K05692]
101411761  actin, clone 302-like [KO:K05692]
101432995  SPTAN1; spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06114]
101433446  LMNA; lamin [KO:K12641]
101422056  LMNB2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lamin-B2 [KO:K07611]
101415876  LMNB1; lamin-B1 [KO:K07611]
101426963  PARP1; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 [KO:K24070] [EC:2.4.2.30]
101424354  PARP4; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 4 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
101445522  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 3-like [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
101417923  PARP2; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
101434838  DFFA; DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha [KO:K02310]
101436048  DFFB; DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K02311] [EC:3.-.-.-]
101434188  ENDOG; endonuclease G, mitochondrial [KO:K01173]
101428539  endonuclease G, mitochondrial-like [KO:K01173]
101442969  AIFM1; apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
101435833  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
101412100  TRAF2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
101429543  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
101423325  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
101425999  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
101447000  CAPN1; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
101424691  CAPN2; calpain-2 catalytic subunit isoform X2 [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
101417090  caspase-12-like [KO:K04741] [EC:3.4.22.-]
101414351  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101421250  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
101410933  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
101410879  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4-like [KO:K04374]
101427474  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
101422184  CTSB; cathepsin B isoform X2 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
101412186  CTSC; dipeptidyl peptidase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K01275] [EC:3.4.14.1]
101423477  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
101414689  CTSF; cathepsin F [KO:K01373] [EC:3.4.22.41]
101411932  CTSH; pro-cathepsin H [KO:K01366] [EC:3.4.22.16]
101441026  CTSK; cathepsin K [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
101419436  CTSL; cathepsin L1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
101429282  cathepsin L1-like isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
101420044  CTSO; cathepsin O [KO:K01374] [EC:3.4.22.42]
101441455  CTSS; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cathepsin S [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
101423890  CTSW; cathepsin W isoform X1 [KO:K08569] [EC:3.4.22.-]
101436442  CTSZ; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cathepsin Z [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
101427801  BIRC3; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 [KO:K16060]
101428234  baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K16060]
101435770  XIAP; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
101420644  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 [KO:K08731]
101435889  BCL2L11; bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform X1 [KO:K16341]
101427892  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
101445333  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
101427202  RIPK1; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101423041  DAB2IP; disabled homolog 2-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K19901]
101411083  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
101423710  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101416102  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101421932  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101414407  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
101412001  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
101431782  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
101416069  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
101442626  HRK; activator of apoptosis harakiri [KO:K02512]
101428001  MAP3K14; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
101429772  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101411204  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101439489  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
101412730  NFKBIA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
101437556  NFKB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit [KO:K02580]
101417885  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
101430475  PTPN13; tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 [KO:K02374]
101447415  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402]
101439228  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402]
101418819  GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402]
101422831  TRAF1; TNF receptor-associated factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03172]
101429647  BCL2A1; bcl-2-related protein A1 [KO:K02162]
101418100  ATM; serine-protein kinase ATM [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101411730  PIDD1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: p53-induced death domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K10130]
101443069  BBC3; bcl-2-binding component 3 [KO:K10132]
101414712  PMAIP1; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 [KO:K10131]
101434852  CASP2; caspase-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02186] [EC:3.4.22.55]
101442636  NGF; beta-nerve growth factor [KO:K02582]
101425856  NTRK1; high affinity nerve growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
105746654  interleukin-3-like [KO:K04736]
101422388  CSF2RB; cytokine receptor common subunit beta [KO:K04738]
101444276  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101443761  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101426945  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101423744  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
101435351  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
101433347  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
101432391  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101419022  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101428799  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101445813  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101419480  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
101412233  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X4 [KO:K07827]
101430817  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
101414240  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: GTPase NRas-like [KO:K07828]
101421211  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101435268  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
101420546  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
101430570  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101435742  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:26615431
  Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
  Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 80:1393-417 (2015)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297915110012
Reference
PMID:23803157
  Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
  Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 11:44 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-11-44
Reference
PMID:15654015
  Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
  Title
Death receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:265-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.01610
Reference
PMID:15725726
  Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
  Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Ther 4:139-63 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cbt.4.2.1508
Reference
PMID:15322527
  Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
  Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 5:686-700 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1477
Reference
PMID:12838338
  Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
  Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1150
Reference
PMID:19148180
  Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
  Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:144-55 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2071
Reference
PMID:22429822
  Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
  Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
  Journal
Cell Prolif 45:217-24 (2012)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00814.x
Reference
PMID:25526085
  Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
  Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:526-39 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.216
Reference
PMID:15601572
  Authors
Philchenkov A
  Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 8:432-44 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
Reference
PMID:9894605
  Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
  Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 5:997-1000 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400451
Reference
PMID:23070002
  Authors
Safa AR
  Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
  Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
PMID:18304445
  Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
  Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 41:11-22 (2008)
DOI:10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.011
Reference
PMID:20533903
  Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
  Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
  Journal
Essays Biochem 47:99-114 (2010)
DOI:10.1042/bse0470099
Reference
PMID:15719025
  Authors
Strasser A
  Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:189-200 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1568
Reference
PMID:24278747
  Authors
Schonthal AH
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
  Journal
Scientifica (Cairo) 2012:857516 (2012)
DOI:10.6064/2012/857516
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18023214
  Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
  Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:716-31 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.003
Reference
PMID:16397578
  Authors
Wu J, Kaufman RJ
  Title
From acute ER stress to physiological roles of the Unfolded Protein Response.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 13:374-84 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401840
Reference
PMID:21914490
  Authors
Repnik U, Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1824:22-33 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.016
Reference
PMID:22465226
  Authors
Cesen MH, Pegan K, Spes A, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomal pathways to cell death and their therapeutic applications.
  Journal
Exp Cell Res 318:1245-51 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.005
Reference
PMID:26231733
  Authors
Dashzeveg N, Yoshida K
  Title
Cell death decision by p53 via control of the mitochondrial membrane.
  Journal
Cancer Lett 367:108-12 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.019
Reference
PMID:22075987
  Authors
Bouchier-Hayes L, Green DR
  Title
Caspase-2: the orphan caspase.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 19:51-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.157
Reference
PMID:18238895
  Authors
Baptiste-Okoh N, Barsotti AM, Prives C
  Title
A role for caspase 2 and PIDD in the process of p53-mediated apoptosis.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1937-42 (2008)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0711800105
Reference
PMID:12949498
  Authors
Aggarwal BB
  Title
Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 3:745-56 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nri1184
Reference
PMID:14737178
  Authors
Steelman LS, Pohnert SC, Shelton JG, Franklin RA, Bertrand FE, McCubrey JA.
  Title
JAK/STAT, Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and BCR-ABL in cell cycle progression and leukemogenesis.
  Journal
Leukemia 18:189-218 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/sj.leu.2403241
Reference
PMID:9916983
  Authors
Dragovich T, Rudin CM, Thompson CB
  Title
Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death.
  Journal
Oncogene 17:3207-13 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1202587
Reference
PMID:11520933
  Authors
Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC
  Title
Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair.
  Journal
Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1217-81 (2001)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1217
Reference
PMID:24769728
  Authors
Kristiansen M, Ham J
  Title
Programmed cell death during neuronal development: the sympathetic neuron model.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 21:1025-35 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.47
Reference
PMID:18208375
  Authors
Logue SE, Martin SJ
  Title
Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochem Soc Trans 36:1-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1042/BST0360001
Reference
PMID:19770840
  Authors
Boivin WA, Cooper DM, Hiebert PR, Granville DJ
  Title
Intracellular versus extracellular granzyme B in immunity and disease: challenging the dogma.
  Journal
Lab Invest 89:1195-220 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/labinvest.2009.91
Reference
PMID:20075940
  Authors
Cullen SP, Brunet M, Martin SJ
  Title
Granzymes in cancer and immunity.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 17:616-23 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2009.206
Related
pathway
dnm04010  MAPK signaling pathway
dnm04020  Calcium signaling pathway
dnm04064  NF-kappa B signaling pathway
dnm04115  p53 signaling pathway
dnm04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
dnm04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
dnm04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
dnm04668  TNF signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04210   
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