KEGG   PATHWAY: hrt04140
Entry
hrt04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Hirundo rustica (Barn swallow)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
hrt04140  Autophagy - animal
hrt04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Hirundo rustica (Barn swallow) [GN:hrt]
Gene
120754549  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
120758822  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
120757352  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
120748563  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07187]
120761978  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K07187]
120757477  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
120762378  PIK3CD; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
120756929  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
120763569  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
120765192  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
120756367  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
120759544  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120748068  RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120754015  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120749824  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120755649  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
120753590  HRAS; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
120751789  KRAS; GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
120762833  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
120755007  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07831]
120754077  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
120758250  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120758598  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120763546  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120760754  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120753878  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [KO:K08268]
120755829  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
120759865  TSC2; tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]
120761612  TSC1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
120755743  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
120765260  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb isoform X1 [KO:K07208]
120760821  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07204]
120760319  DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein-like isoform X2 [KO:K20402]
120760990  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein [KO:K20402]
120762194  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120759899  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 [KO:K08266]
120753725  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120761432  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120764873  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K17606]
120752973  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
120759117  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
120760394  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 isoform X1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120761188  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120753994  ATG13; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 13 [KO:K08331]
120764419  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 isoform X1 [KO:K19730]
120750441  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
120753610  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
120759485  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
120760975  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K17908]
120760961  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 [KO:K22991]
120755109  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A [KO:K17907]
120748533  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K21245]
120759527  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
120765027  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 [KO:K23610]
120765495  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange factor C9orf72 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23609]
120763547  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
120763194  ras-related protein Rab-39B-like [KO:K07925]
120762045  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
120759243  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 isoform X1 [KO:K14381]
120751912  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
120755319  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650]
120750766  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
120762097  ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
120763069  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C isoform X1 [KO:K16186]
120750089  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
120763345  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120765321  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
120756566  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
120756314  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120758436  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
120752924  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120759043  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120755638  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120757785  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
120760231  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
120763656  BECN1; beclin-1 [KO:K08334]
120756068  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 [KO:K21246]
120753615  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120765437  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
120753990  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
120754122  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
120754032  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
120759935  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
120761212  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 [KO:K21248]
120754890  STX17; syntaxin-17 [KO:K08491]
120749096  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein isoform X2 [KO:K21249]
120756479  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
120756930  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X1 [KO:K19330]
120760410  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120750098  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X3 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
120759822  ERN2; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE2 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
120760913  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
120758348  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
120763378  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120758892  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120765362  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120766133  death-associated protein kinase 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120748786  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
120755855  PRAP1; proline-rich acidic protein 1 [KO:K21250]
120752906  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120754786  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120754402  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
120760405  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
120761221  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
120758335  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
120754102  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K17603]
120765739  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 [KO:K08336]
120750600  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 [KO:K08339]
120756992  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
120758234  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X1 [KO:K08337]
120748477  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
120754972  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724]
120753248  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
120752196  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
120751464  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
120757931  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
120748076  GABARAP; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]
120758029  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
120760019  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
120750379  MAP1LC3C; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
120748306  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cysteine protease ATG4D-like [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
120761954  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
120756699  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
120756924  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
120763743  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
120751534  OPTN; optineurin isoform X1 [KO:K19946]
120751398  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21347]
120753368  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
120763407  UBA52; ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eL40 fusion protein [KO:K02927]
120750443  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
120761294  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
120760628  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
120764121  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
120764081  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
120750782  STX7; syntaxin-7 [KO:K08488]
120765219  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23883]
120763696  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K23282]
120762488  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20179]
120748360  VPS16; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]
120754008  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
120760452  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
120754151  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
120750769  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
120755299  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
120761455  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 [KO:K26797]
120758099  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
120762821  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b [KO:K07898]
120765088  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
120765105  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
120754026  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
120765311  CTSL; procathepsin L [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
120750093  CTSB; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
hrt04010  MAPK signaling pathway
hrt04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
hrt04142  Lysosome
hrt04150  mTOR signaling pathway
hrt04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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