KEGG   PATHWAY: umr04140
Entry
umr04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Ursus maritimus (polar bear)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
umr04140  Autophagy - animal
umr04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Ursus maritimus (polar bear) [GN:umr]
Gene
121099769  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
103660044  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103662712  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
121101279  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
103670034  insulin receptor substrate 1-like [KO:K17445]
103679770  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
103678592  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103666874  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103676125  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103675162  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
103663617  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K02649]
103670766  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
103668498  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103666688  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103661038  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103676878  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103661921  phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
103669173  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: GTPase HRas-like [KO:K02833]
103671035  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X3 [KO:K02833]
103665244  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
103669422  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
103678665  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07831]
103657130  RRAS; ras-related protein R-Ras isoform X2 [KO:K07829]
103682372  RRAS2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ras-related protein R-Ras2 [KO:K07830]
103669540  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103679064  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103681834  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103669286  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103657827  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103672464  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08268]
103667808  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
103668779  TSC2; tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]
103670250  TSC1; hamartin [KO:K07206]
103658404  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
103660943  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb isoform X1 [KO:K07208]
103665983  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR [KO:K07204]
103661666  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K20402]
103666660  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103657265  AKT1S1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16184]
103668783  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
103679516  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103667329  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103682603  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17606]
103659105  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
121100753  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103678902  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103658551  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 isoform X1 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103672325  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 [KO:K08331]
103675502  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 isoform X1 [KO:K19730]
103677420  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
103673638  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
103679563  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
103665675  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
103670082  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
103665840  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 [KO:K22991]
103668007  WDR45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 [KO:K22991]
121103086  WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4-like [KO:K22991]
103660995  ATG9B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
103662748  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A isoform X3 [KO:K17907]
103664378  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K21245]
103668245  transcription factor SPT20 homolog [KO:K21245]
103658543  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
103663549  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X1 [KO:K23610]
103667007  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange C9orf72 homolog [KO:K23609]
103677160  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
103659281  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
103680014  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 [KO:K14381]
103656833  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
103659501  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650]
103671328  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
103662161  RRAGA; ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
103674304  RRAGB; ras-related GTP-binding protein B isoform X1 [KO:K16185]
103660167  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
103666359  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C isoform X1 [KO:K16186]
103681779  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform X1 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103670673  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
103664677  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
103662972  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103682183  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103674744  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103676947  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103679990  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103667893  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103676164  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
103674345  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04570]
103679423  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
103668942  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
103672587  BECN1; beclin-1 isoform X2 [KO:K08334]
103667996  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21246]
103679280  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103663663  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
103674591  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
103672328  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
103659308  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103669915  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 [KO:K21247]
103667331  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21248]
103678514  STX17; syntaxin-17 [KO:K08491]
103678064  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein isoform X1 [KO:K21249]
103662942  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
103678946  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X1 [KO:K19330]
103661273  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103660092  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
103665903  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
103669597  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
103681831  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103682208  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103679099  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103664333  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
103658587  PRAP1; proline-rich acidic protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21250]
103671855  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103673470  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103671936  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
103659251  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
103667349  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
103669649  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
103671434  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17603]
103679953  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 isoform X1 [KO:K08336]
103675849  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X2 [KO:K08339]
103662661  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
103678111  ATG16L2; protein Atg16l2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
103669551  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X1 [KO:K08337]
103681482  ATG10; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 [KO:K17888]
103677317  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
103657964  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
103676251  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type isoform X1 [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103662121  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
103660349  gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein isoform X1 [KO:K08341]
103669133  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 [KO:K08341]
103666643  MAP1LC3C; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
103673943  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
103669916  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
103662804  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
103678722  ATG4D; cysteine protease ATG4D isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
103663067  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
103668914  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
103672600  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
103676275  OPTN; optineurin isoform X1 [KO:K19946]
103660637  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21348]
103658930  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21347]
103665378  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K22262]
103674933  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
103671271  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
103658519  UBB; polyubiquitin-B isoform X1 [KO:K04551]
103669229  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 isoform X1 [KO:K08509]
103671453  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
103674571  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
103663404  STX7; syntaxin-7 [KO:K08488]
103663750  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog [KO:K23883]
103665605  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K23282]
103662318  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog [KO:K20179]
103674517  VPS16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]
103673450  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
103661154  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]
103673430  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
103674596  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20184]
103671900  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
103659554  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
103680567  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
103669493  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
103670999  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b isoform X2 [KO:K07898]
103657524  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
103680234  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06528]
103671118  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
103682224  CTSV; cathepsin L2 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103682209  procathepsin L [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103682229  procathepsin L-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
103675931  CTSB; cathepsin B isoform X1 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
umr04010  MAPK signaling pathway
umr04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
umr04142  Lysosome
umr04150  mTOR signaling pathway
umr04152  AMPK signaling pathway
umr04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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