Entry
Name
Calcium signaling pathway - Anas platyrhynchos (mallard)
Description
Ca2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this external source of signal Ca2+ by activating various entry channels with widely different properties. The voltage-operated channels (VOCs) are found in excitable cells and generate the rapid Ca2+ fluxes that control fast cellular processes. There are many other Ca2+-entry channels, such as the receptor-operated channels (ROCs), for example the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) that respond to glutamate. There also are second-messenger-operated channels (SMOCs) and store-operated channels (SOCs).
The other principal source of Ca2+ for signalling is the internal stores that are located primarily in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), in which inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RYRs) regulate the release of Ca2+. The principal activator of these channels is Ca2+ itself and this process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is central to the mechanism of Ca2+ signalling. Various second messengers or modulators also control the release of Ca2+. IP3, which is generated by pathways using different isoforms of phospholipase C (PLCbeta, delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta), regulates the IP3Rs. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ via RYRs. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) may activate a distinct Ca2+ release mechanism on separate acidic Ca2+ stores. Ca2+ release via the NAADP-sensitive mechanism may also feedback onto either RYRs or IP3Rs. cADPR and NAADP are generated by CD38. This enzyme might be sensitive to the cellular metabolism, as ATP and NADH inhibit it.
The influx of Ca2+ from the environment or release from internal stores causes a very rapid and dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which has been widely exploited for signal transduction. Some proteins, such as troponin C (TnC) involved in muscle contraction, directly bind to and sense Ca2+. However, in other cases Ca2+ is sensed through intermediate calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CALM).
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Anas platyrhynchos (mallard) [GN:
apla ]
Gene
101799858 SLC8A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/calcium exchanger 1 [KO:K05849 ]
101791742 CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 isoform X1 [KO:K04131 ]
101791631 GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K04632 ]
101803485 GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04633 ]
101790551 ATP2A3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
101802702 ORAI1; calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16056 ]
101790062 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X12 [KO:K04850 ]
101803307 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
101801311 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
101794161 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849 ]
101795250 CACNA1E; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E [KO:K04852 ]
101800038 CACNA1G; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G [KO:K04854 ]
101803209 CACNA1H; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H isoform X1 [KO:K04855 ]
101803794 CACNA1I; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I isoform X1 [KO:K04856 ]
101789524 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 precursor [KO:K05208 ]
101804769 GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform X3 [KO:K05209 ]
101800611 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
101798799 GRIN3B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B isoform X1 [KO:K05214 ]
101792126 CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 isoform X1 [KO:K04130 ]
119713527 ADRA1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: alpha-1A adrenergic receptor [KO:K04135 ]
101803098 lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04248 ]
101801363 NTSR1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neurotensin receptor type 1 [KO:K04211 ]
101799416 AVPR1B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: vasopressin V1b receptor [KO:K04227 ]
101794123 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
101790479 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
101802177 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
101793706 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 isoform X1 [KO:K04636 ]
101803502 PDGFA; platelet-derived growth factor subunit A isoform X1 [KO:K04359 ]
106014914 FGF5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: fibroblast growth factor 5 [KO:K04358 ]
101805258 VEGFA; vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform X2 [KO:K05448 ]
101794827 VEGFC; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: vascular endothelial growth factor C [KO:K05449 ]
101791715 VEGFD; vascular endothelial growth factor D isoform X1 [KO:K05449 ]
101789735 MST1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: hepatocyte growth factor-like protein [KO:K23441 ]
101802438 GDNF; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor isoform X1 [KO:K05452 ]
119712955 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: immunoglobulin gamma-1 heavy chain-like [KO:K06856 ]
101796325 PLCD1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101804382 PLCD4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101804447 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101805172 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101790966 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101798692 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 [KO:K01116 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101792010 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K01116 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101794187 PLCE1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 [KO:K05860 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101791594 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X6 [KO:K04958 ]
101791934 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
101792202 ITPR3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960 ]
101790944 MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K20858 ]
101803948 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
101791585 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15040 ]
113840724 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like [KO:K15040 ]
113841418 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like [KO:K15040 ]
119716487 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like [KO:K15040 ]
101789930 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X2 [KO:K15041 ]
101794281 PHKA1; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
101794322 PHKB; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X2 [KO:K07190 ]
101802849 PHKA2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
101804017 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101801648 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101802786 CAMK2A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101792272 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101800684 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101794308 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101793899 NFATC1; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 isoform X4 [KO:K04446 ]
101798786 NFATC2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K17332 ]
101802637 NFATC3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform X1 [KO:K17333 ]
101802160 PDE1C; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
101800233 PDE1A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C06124 Sphingosine 1-phosphate
C11556 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
C13051 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL.
Title
Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD.
Title
The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang MC, Dolphin A, Kitmitto A.
Title
L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: understanding function through structure.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferrier GR, Howlett SE.
Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling: role of membrane potential in regulation of contraction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Keef KD, Hume JR, Zhong J.
Title
Regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle Ca(2+) channels (Ca(V)1.2a,b) by protein kinases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hell JW, Appleyard SM, Yokoyama CT, Warner C, Catterall WA.
Title
Differential phosphorylation of two size forms of the N-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit which have different COOH termini.
Journal
J Biol Chem 269:7390-6 (1994)
Reference
Authors
Yunker AM.
Title
Modulation and pharmacology of low voltage-activated ("T-Type") calcium channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yakel JL.
Title
Calcineurin regulation of synaptic function: from ion channels to transmitter release and gene transcription.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fukunaga K, Miyamoto E.
Title
A working model of CaM kinase II activity in hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Della Rocca GJ, van Biesen T, Daaka Y, Luttrell DK, Luttrell LM, Lefkowitz RJ.
Title
Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by G protein-coupled receptors. Convergence of Gi- and Gq-mediated pathways on calcium/calmodulin, Pyk2, and Src kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K.
Title
Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the brain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bruce JI, Straub SV, Yule DI.
Title
Crosstalk between cAMP and Ca2+ signaling in non-excitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lee HC, Munshi C, Graeff R.
Title
Structures and activities of cyclic ADP-ribose, NAADP and their metabolic enzymes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Crompton M.
Title
Mitochondrial intermembrane junctional complexes and their role in cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Grewal SS, York RD, Stork PJ.
Title
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signalling in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Trushin SA, Pennington KN, Carmona EM, Asin S, Savoy DN, Billadeau DD, Paya CV.
Title
Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) acts upstream of PKCtheta to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hutchins JR, Dikovskaya D, Clarke PR.
Title
Regulation of Cdc2/cyclin B activation in Xenopus egg extracts via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc25C phosphatase by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein [corrected] kinase II.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tornquist K
Title
Sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingosine kinase and autocrine calcium signalling in thyroid cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Feske S
Title
Immunodeficiency due to defects in store-operated calcium entry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Giachini FR, Lima VV, Hannan JL, Carneiro FS, Webb RC, Tostes RC
Title
STIM1/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry: the tip of the iceberg.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Baba Y, Kurosaki T
Title
[Regulation of store-operated calcium entry by STIM1].
Journal
Seikagaku 80:1123-8 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Galione A, Evans AM, Ma J, Parrington J, Arredouani A, Cheng X, Zhu MX
Title
The acid test: the discovery of two-pore channels (TPCs) as NAADP-gated endolysosomal Ca(2+) release channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Beard NA, Wei L, Dulhunty AF
Title
Ca(2+) signaling in striated muscle: the elusive roles of triadin, junctin, and calsequestrin.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marty I
Title
Triadin regulation of the ryanodine receptor complex.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Arvanitis DA, Vafiadaki E, Sanoudou D, Kranias EG
Title
Histidine-rich calcium binding protein: the new regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling.
Journal
Related pathway
apla04070 Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
KO pathway
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