KEGG   PATHWAY: ko05208
Entry
ko05208                     Pathway                                
Name
Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species
Description
It is well established that cancer is a multi-step process which involves initiation, promotion and progression. Chemical carcinogens can alter any of these processes to induce their carcinogenic effects. In the majority of instances, chemical carcinogens, directly or after xenobiotic metabolism, induce DNA damage and act in a 'genotoxic' manner. There is, however, a group of carcinogens that induce cancer via nongenotoxic mechanisms. The biochemical modes of action for nongenotoxic carcinogens are diverse, one example of which is induction of oxidative stress. Trace metals and organic xenobiotics are typical classes of environmental pollutants with prooxidant effects. Trace metals generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) depending on their ability to lose electrons and catalyze Haber Weiss and Fenton reactions. ROS are also generated due to induction of various cytochrome P450 isoenzymes during detoxification of chemical carcinogens. Increased ROS generation often has been linked to DNA damage that can lead to mutations and may, therefore, play an important role in the initiation and progression of multistage carcinogenesis. Besides causing DNA damage, ROS further induce multiple intracellular signaling pathways, notably NF-kappa B, JNK/SAPK/p38, as well as Erk/MAPK. These signaling routes can lead to transcriptional induction of target genes that could promote proliferation or confer apoptosis resistance to exposed cells.
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: overview
Pathway map
ko05208  Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species
ko05208

Orthology
K00002  AKR1A1, adh; alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) [EC:1.1.1.2]
K00037  AKR1C4; 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase / chlordecone reductase [EC:1.1.1.50 1.1.1.357 1.1.1.225]
K00079  CBR1; carbonyl reductase 1 [EC:1.1.1.184 1.1.1.189 1.1.1.197]
K00089  AKR1C2; 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.213 1.1.1.357]
K00212  AKR1C1; 20alpha/3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase / dihydrodiol dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.149 1.1.1.357 1.3.1.20]
K00234  SDHA, SDH1; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein subunit [EC:1.3.5.1]
K00235  SDHB, SDH2; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) iron-sulfur subunit [EC:1.3.5.1]
K00236  SDHC, SDH3; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) cytochrome b560 subunit
K00237  SDHD, SDH4; succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) membrane anchor subunit
K00355  NQO1; NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) [EC:1.6.5.2]
K00411  UQCRFS1, RIP1, petA; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur subunit [EC:7.1.1.8]
K00412  CYTB, petB; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase cytochrome b subunit
K00413  CYC1, CYT1, petC; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase cytochrome c1 subunit
K00414  QCR1, UQCRC1; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core subunit 1
K00415  QCR2, UQCRC2; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core subunit 2
K00416  QCR6, UQCRH; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 6
K00417  QCR7, UQCRB; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 7
K00418  QCR8, UQCRQ; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 8
K00419  QCR9, UCRC; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 9
K00420  QCR10, UQCR; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 10
K00510  HMOX1; heme oxygenase 1 [EC:1.14.14.18]
K00799  GST; glutathione S-transferase [EC:2.5.1.18]
K00922  PIK3CA_B_D; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha/beta/delta [EC:2.7.1.153]
K01110  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
K01115  PLD1_2; phospholipase D1/2 [EC:3.1.4.4]
K01253  EPHX1; microsomal epoxide hydrolase [EC:3.3.2.9]
K02125  ATPeF08, MTATP8, ATP8; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit 8
K02126  ATPeF0A, MTATP6, ATP6; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit a
K02127  ATPeF0B, ATP5F1, ATP4; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit b
K02128  ATPeF0C, ATP5G, ATP9; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit c
K02131  ATPeF0F6, ATP5J; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit 6
K02132  ATPeF1A, ATP5A1, ATP1; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit alpha
K02133  ATPeF1B, ATP5B, ATP2; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit beta [EC:7.1.2.2]
K02134  ATPeF1D, ATP5D, ATP16; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit delta
K02135  ATPeF1E, ATP5E, ATP15; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit epsilon
K02136  ATPeF1G, ATP5C1, ATP3; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit gamma
K02137  ATPeF0O, ATP5O, ATP5; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit O
K02138  ATPeF0D, ATP5H, ATP7; F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit d
K02158  BAD; Bcl-2-antagonist of cell death
K02256  COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 [EC:7.1.1.9]
K02261  COX2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2
K02262  COX3; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3
K02263  COX4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4
K02264  COX5A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5a
K02265  COX5B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5b
K02266  COX6A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6a
K02267  COX6B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6b
K02268  COX6C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6c
K02270  COX7A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7a
K02271  COX7B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7b
K02272  COX7C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7c
K02273  COX8; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8
K02580  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
K02649  PIK3R1_2_3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/delta
K02833  HRAS; GTPase HRas
K03099  SOS; son of sevenless
K03781  katE, CAT, catB, srpA; catalase [EC:1.11.1.6]
K03878  ND1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03879  ND2; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03880  ND3; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03881  ND4; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03882  ND4L; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03883  ND5; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03884  ND6; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03934  NDUFS1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03935  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 2 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03936  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 3 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03937  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 4
K03938  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5
K03939  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 6
K03940  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 7 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03941  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 8 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03942  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03943  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 [EC:7.1.1.2]
K03944  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 3
K03945  NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1
K03946  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2
K03947  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3
K03948  NDUFA4; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4
K03949  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5
K03950  NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6
K03951  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7
K03952  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8
K03953  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9
K03954  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10
K03955  NDUFAB1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha/beta subcomplex 1, acyl-carrier protein
K03956  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11
K03957  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1
K03958  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2
K03959  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3
K03960  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4
K03961  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5
K03962  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6
K03963  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7
K03964  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8
K03965  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9
K03966  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10
K03967  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 subunit C1
K03968  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 subunit C2
K04119  AKR1C3; aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 [EC:1.1.1.51 1.1.1.188 1.1.1.213 1.1.1.357]
K04357  EGF; epidermal growth factor
K04361  EGFR, ERBB1; epidermal growth factor receptor [EC:2.7.10.1]
K04364  GRB2; growth factor receptor-bound protein 2
K04365  BRAF; B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1]
K04366  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1]
K04368  MAP2K1, MEK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04369  MAP2K2, MEK2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04371  ERK, MAPK1_3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3 [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04379  FOS; proto-oncogene protein c-fos
K04392  RAC1; Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
K04426  MAP3K5, ASK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [EC:2.7.11.25]
K04430  MAP2K4, MKK4; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04431  MAP2K7, MKK7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 [EC:2.7.12.2]
K04440  JNK; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/9/10 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04441  P38; p38 MAP kinase [EC:2.7.11.24]
K04448  JUN; transcription factor AP-1
K04456  AKT; RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1]
K04466  MAP3K14, NIK; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 [EC:2.7.11.25]
K04467  IKBKA, IKKA, CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [EC:2.7.11.10]
K04564  SOD2; superoxide dismutase, Fe-Mn family [EC:1.15.1.1]
K04565  SOD1; superoxide dismutase, Cu-Zn family [EC:1.15.1.1]
K04734  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha
K04735  RELA; transcription factor p65
K05099  MET, HGFR; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Met [EC:2.7.10.1]
K05448  VEGFA; vascular endothelial growth factor A
K05460  HGF; hepatocyte growth factor
K05638  NFE2L2, NRF2; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
K05696  PTPN1, PTP1B; tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1 [EC:3.1.3.48]
K05698  PTPRJ, DEP1, CD148; receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase eta [EC:3.1.3.48]
K05704  SRC; tyrosine-protein kinase Src [EC:2.7.10.2]
K05725  PTK2, FAK; focal adhesion kinase 1 [EC:2.7.10.2]
K05862  VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion channel protein 1
K05863  SLC25A4S, ANT; solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4/5/6/31
K06068  PRKCD; novel protein kinase C delta type [EC:2.7.11.13]
K06070  PKD; protein kinase D [EC:2.7.11.13]
K06276  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 [EC:2.7.11.1]
K06619  ABL1; abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1 [EC:2.7.10.2]
K07209  IKBKB, IKKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [EC:2.7.11.10]
K07210  IKBKG, IKKG, NEMO; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma
K07293  PTPN11, SHP2; tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 [EC:3.1.3.48]
K07408  CYP1A1; cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A1 [EC:1.14.14.1]
K07409  CYP1A2; cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A2 [EC:1.14.14.1]
K07410  CYP1B1; cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B1 [EC:1.14.14.1]
K07415  CYP2E1; cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E1 [EC:1.14.14.-]
K07416  CYP2F; cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily F [EC:1.14.14.1]
K07755  AS3MT; arsenite methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.137]
K07827  KRAS, KRAS2; GTPase KRas
K07828  NRAS; GTPase NRas
K08008  NOX1, MOX1; NADPH oxidase 1
K08009  CYBA, P22PHOX; cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide
K08010  NCF2, P67PHOX; neutrophil cytosolic factor 2
K08011  NCF1, P47PHOX; neutrophil cytosolic factor 1
K08268  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
K08726  EPHX2; soluble epoxide hydrolase / lipid-phosphate phosphatase [EC:3.3.2.10 3.1.3.76]
K08845  ARAF, ARAF1; A-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1]
K08887  ABL2; abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 [EC:2.7.10.2]
K09093  AHR; aryl hydrocarbon receptor
K09097  ARNT; aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
K09408  FOXO3; forkhead box protein O3
K09565  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl isomerase F (cyclophilin D) [EC:5.2.1.8]
K10456  KLHL19, KEAP1, INRF2; kelch-like protein 19
K11351  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11
K11352  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12
K11353  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13
K12550  LPO; lactoperoxidase [EC:1.11.1.7]
K14394  ACP1; low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.2 3.1.3.48]
K14700  SLC26A1, SAT1; solute carrier family 26 (sulfate anion transporter), member 1
K14701  SLC26A2, DTD; solute carrier family 26 (sulfate anion transporter), member 2
K14704  SLC26A6; solute carrier family 26 (sulfate anion transporter), member 6
K14706  SLC26A9; solute carrier family 26 (sulfate anion transporter), member 9
K15040  VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion channel protein 2
K15041  VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion channel protein 3
K21423  NOX4, RENOX; NADPH oxidase 4 [EC:1.6.3.-]
K22368  EPHX3; epoxide hydrolase 3 [EC:3.3.2.10]
K22369  EPHX4; epoxide hydrolase 4 [EC:3.3.-.-]
Compound
C00001  H2O
C00003  NAD+
C00005  NADPH
C00006  NADP+
C00007  Oxygen
C00019  S-Adenosyl-L-methionine
C00021  S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
C00023  Iron
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00051  Glutathione
C00070  Copper
C00084  Acetaldehyde
C00127  Glutathione disulfide
C00146  Phenol
C00291  Nickel
C00469  Ethanol
C00472  p-Benzoquinone
C00530  Hydroquinone
C00704  Superoxide
C00951  Estradiol-17beta
C01407  Benzene
C01413  Cadmium
C01782  Benzene oxide
C02389  p-Benzosemiquinone
C02575  Pentachlorophenol
C02814  Benzene-1,2,4-triol
C03434  Tetrachlorohydroquinone
C03622  N-Hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl
C04623  DDT
C05301  2-Hydroxyestradiol
C05309  Semiquinone
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C06268  Chromium
C06269  Arsenic
C06696  Lead
C07294  Methylarsonate
C07295  Methanearsonous acid
C07308  Cacodylate
C07535  Benzo[a]pyrene
C07557  2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
C10998  4-Aminobiphenyl
C14209  4-Hydroxy-17beta-estradiol
C14850  Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-oxide
C14852  Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol
C16038  2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
C16453  4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
C16844  Hydroxyl radical
C18205  2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether
C18933  Chloranil
C19171  Cobalt
C20300  Dimethylarsinous acid
C20316  4-Nitrosobiphenyl
C20319  Hydronitroxide radical
C22355  Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol
C22356  Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione
C22357  17beta-Estradiol-2,3-quinone
C22381  Reactive oxygen species
Reference
PMID:24281075
  Authors
Henkler F, Brinkmann J, Luch A
  Title
The role of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis induced by metals and xenobiotics.
  Journal
Cancers (Basel) 2:376-96 (2010)
DOI:10.3390/cancers2020376
Reference
PMID:22705365
  Authors
Lee JC, Son YO, Pratheeshkumar P, Shi X
  Title
Oxidative stress and metal carcinogenesis.
  Journal
Free Radic Biol Med 53:742-57 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.002
Reference
PMID:32033297
  Authors
Hu Y, Li J, Lou B, Wu R, Wang G, Lu C, Wang H, Pi J, Xu Y
  Title
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Arsenic Toxicity.
  Journal
Biomolecules 10:240 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/biom10020240
Reference
PMID:33864199
  Authors
Ozturk M, Metin M, Altay V, Bhat RA, Ejaz M, Gul A, Unal BT, Hasanuzzaman M, Nibir L, Nahar K, Bukhari A, Dervash MA, Kawano T
  Title
Arsenic and Human Health: Genotoxicity, Epigenomic Effects, and Cancer Signaling.
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Biol Trace Elem Res 200:988-1001 (2022)
DOI:10.1007/s12011-021-02719-w
Reference
PMID:23510327
  Authors
Hubaux R, Becker-Santos DD, Enfield KS, Rowbotham D, Lam S, Lam WL, Martinez VD
  Title
Molecular features in arsenic-induced lung tumors.
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Mol Cancer 12:20 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1476-4598-12-20
Reference
PMID:21648415
  Authors
Naranmandura H, Xu S, Sawata T, Hao WH, Liu H, Bu N, Ogra Y, Lou YJ, Suzuki N
  Title
Mitochondria are the main target organelle for trivalent monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III))-induced cytotoxicity.
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Chem Res Toxicol 24:1094-103 (2011)
DOI:10.1021/tx200156k
Reference
PMID:23583964
  Authors
Faita F, Cori L, Bianchi F, Andreassi MG
  Title
Arsenic-induced genotoxicity and genetic susceptibility to arsenic-related pathologies.
  Journal
Int J Environ Res Public Health 10:1527-46 (2013)
DOI:10.3390/ijerph10041527
Reference
PMID:28179585
  Authors
Sage AP, Minatel BC, Ng KW, Stewart GL, Dummer TJB, Lam WL, Martinez VD
  Title
Oncogenomic disruptions in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis.
  Journal
Oncotarget 8:25736-25755 (2017)
DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.15106
Reference
PMID:21414382
  Authors
Jomova K, Valko M
  Title
Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease.
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Toxicology 283:65-87 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001
Reference
PMID:16430879
  Authors
Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M
  Title
Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer.
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Chem Biol Interact 160:1-40 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009
Reference
PMID:32731582
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Tumolo M, Ancona V, De Paola D, Losacco D, Campanale C, Massarelli C, Uricchio VF
  Title
Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview.
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Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:E5438 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijerph17155438
Reference
PMID:28860815
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Wang Y, Su H, Gu Y, Song X, Zhao J
  Title
Carcinogenicity of chromium and chemoprevention: a brief update.
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Onco Targets Ther 10:4065-4079 (2017)
DOI:10.2147/OTT.S139262
Reference
PMID:24820114
  Authors
Jin X, Chen M, Song L, Li H, Li Z
  Title
The evaluation of p,p'-DDT exposure on cell adhesion of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  Journal
Toxicology 322:99-108 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.tox.2014.05.002
Reference
PMID:20370557
  Authors
Liou GY, Storz P
  Title
Reactive oxygen species in cancer.
  Journal
Free Radic Res 44:479-96 (2010)
DOI:10.3109/10715761003667554
Reference
PMID:11275476
  Authors
Murata M, Tamura A, Tada M, Kawanishi S
  Title
Mechanism of oxidative DNA damage induced by carcinogenic 4-aminobiphenyl.
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Free Radic Biol Med 30:765-73 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00463-4
Reference
PMID:31283132
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  Journal
Pentachlorophenol and Some Related Compounds (2019)
Reference
PMID:19408893
  Authors
Zhu BZ, Shan GQ
  Title
Potential mechanism for pentachlorophenol-induced carcinogenicity: a novel mechanism for metal-independent production of hydroxyl radicals.
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Chem Res Toxicol 22:969-77 (2009)
DOI:10.1021/tx900030v
Reference
PMID:22166497
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McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT
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Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment.
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Carcinogenesis 33:240-52 (2012)
DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgr297
Reference
PMID:32977499
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Scharf P, Broering MF, Oliveira da Rocha GH, Farsky SHP
  Title
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis.
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Int J Mol Sci 21:E6996 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21196996
Reference
PMID:23066403
  Authors
Snyder R
  Title
Leukemia and benzene.
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Int J Environ Res Public Health 9:2875-93 (2012)
DOI:10.3390/ijerph9082875
Reference
PMID:9118888
  Authors
Snyder R, Hedli CC
  Title
An overview of benzene metabolism.
  Journal
Environ Health Perspect 104 Suppl 6:1165-71 (1996)
DOI:10.1289/ehp.961041165
Reference
PMID:11978484
  Authors
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Related
pathway
ko00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
ko00980  Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450
ko04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ko04064  NF-kappa B signaling pathway
ko04066  HIF-1 signaling pathway
ko04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
ko04370  VEGF signaling pathway
ko05207  Chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation
ko05211  Renal cell carcinoma
ko05215  Prostate cancer
ko05219  Bladder cancer
ko05221  Acute myeloid leukemia
ko05222  Small cell lung cancer
ko05223  Non-small cell lung cancer
ko05224  Breast cancer
ko05225  Hepatocellular carcinoma

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