KEGG   PATHWAY: stru04371
Entry
stru04371                   Pathway                                
Name
Apelin signaling pathway - Salmo trutta (river trout)
Description
Apelin is an endogenous peptide capable of binding the apelin receptor (APJ), which was originally described as an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor. Apelin and APJ are widely expressed in various tissues and organ systems. They are implicated in different key physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cardiovascular functions, cell proliferation and energy metabolism regulation. On the other hand, this ligand receptor couple is also involved in several pathologies including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
Pathway map
stru04371  Apelin signaling pathway
stru04371

Other DBs
GO: 0060183
Organism
Salmo trutta (river trout) [GN:stru]
Gene
115147202  [KO:K21290]
115147203  [KO:K21290]
115147400  [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115147636  [KO:K04542]
115148477  [KO:K09203]
115148872  [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115148957  [KO:K04166]
115148966  [KO:K04537]
115149222  [KO:K04501]
115149339  [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
115149346  [KO:K04634]
115149427  [KO:K04674] [EC:2.7.11.30]
115149533  gng10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
115149859  [KO:K10351]
115149903  raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115150471  [KO:K07200]
115150503  [KO:K04958]
115150537  [KO:K04630]
115150573  [KO:K07200]
115150599  [KO:K04630]
115150859  [KO:K04958]
115150950  calml6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
115150951  [KO:K04536]
115150976  [KO:K04630]
115151102  [KO:K10435]
115151258  [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
115151527  [KO:K04538]
115151746  [KO:K17845]
115151796  [KO:K09261]
115151842  [KO:K10435]
115151980  [KO:K09260]
115151991  [KO:K08768]
115152114  [KO:K02833]
115152154  [KO:K04630]
115152163  [KO:K07827]
115152168  [KO:K04959]
115152358  [KO:K04503]
115152826  [KO:K18050] [EC:2.7.11.13]
115153074  [KO:K02183]
115153336  [KO:K05849]
115153499  [KO:K07188] [EC:3.1.1.79]
115153935  [KO:K09203]
115154144  [KO:K05849]
115154330  [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115154423  [KO:K04537]
115154660  [KO:K02183]
115154666  [KO:K05849]
115154675  [KO:K04540]
115154745  [KO:K04544]
115154755  [KO:K04961]
115154910  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115155336  gng4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
115155428  [KO:K07200]
115155553  [KO:K07831]
115155559  jag1; protein jagged-1 [KO:K06052]
115155606  [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115156095  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115156173  [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
115156513  adcy8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115156643  [KO:K04963]
115156644  [KO:K04639]
115156710  [KO:K04347]
115157085  [KO:K04674] [EC:2.7.11.30]
115157105  [KO:K07200]
115157130  [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115157147  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115157154  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
115157170  [KO:K12313]
115157208  [KO:K12749]
115157229  [KO:K04542]
115157409  [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
115157437  [KO:K07199]
115157541  [KO:K17845]
115157937  prkacb; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
115157969  [KO:K04538]
115158046  [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
115158154  [KO:K17845]
115158203  [KO:K09261]
115158253  [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
115158469  [KO:K02183]
115158481  [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
115158596  [KO:K04347]
115158633  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115158652  [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115158917  [KO:K04547]
115159209  [KO:K04634]
115159212  camk4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
115159360  [KO:K04501]
115159440  [KO:K04174]
115159480  [KO:K07199]
115159768  [KO:K04454]
115159798  [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
115160642  [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
115160690  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115160708  [KO:K08334]
115160858  [KO:K08334]
115160872  [KO:K07831]
115160932  [KO:K08334]
115160940  [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115160956  [KO:K08334]
115161360  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115161885  [KO:K05849]
115161910  [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115161966  [KO:K07826]
115162136  calm1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
115162368  [KO:K04963]
115162386  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115162398  plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
115162958  [KO:K06052]
115162984  [KO:K02183]
115163173  [KO:K05849]
115163489  [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115163684  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115164132  [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
115164351  [KO:K01343] [EC:3.4.21.68]
115164622  [KO:K04174]
115164642  [KO:K07199]
115164783  [KO:K04500]
115164831  [KO:K04634]
115164897  [KO:K04454]
115164984  smad4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 [KO:K04501]
115165075  [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
115165324  [KO:K04630]
115165462  [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115165854  [KO:K04536]
115165965  [KO:K04960]
115165980  [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
115166084  mtor; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115166136  [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115166185  [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115166794  [KO:K23605]
115166807  [KO:K02183]
115166976  [KO:K04539]
115167085  [KO:K07830]
115167086  [KO:K13296] [EC:3.1.4.17]
115167390  [KO:K05689]
115167428  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115167492  [KO:K04503]
115167552  [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115167714  [KO:K04174]
115167808  [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115168183  [KO:K04536]
115168262  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115168355  [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115168396  [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115168596  [KO:K04960]
115168690  [KO:K04630]
115168785  [KO:K10435]
115169280  [KO:K17845]
115169364  [KO:K07199]
115169411  [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
115169550  [KO:K04542]
115169569  [KO:K12749]
115169621  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
115169625  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115169640  [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115169670  [KO:K07200]
115169694  [KO:K04674] [EC:2.7.11.30]
115169987  [KO:K04347]
115170759  rras; ras-related protein R-Ras [KO:K07830]
115170800  [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
115170944  [KO:K12750]
115170993  [KO:K04549]
115171123  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115171254  [KO:K20995]
115171276  [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
115171372  [KO:K21290]
115171373  [KO:K21290]
115171387  [KO:K04718] [EC:2.7.1.91]
115171557  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
115171595  [KO:K04542]
115171744  [KO:K04347]
115171775  [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115171866  [KO:K07827]
115171929  [KO:K04639]
115172221  [KO:K07826]
115172411  [KO:K02183]
115172491  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
115172651  [KO:K04963]
115172667  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115172765  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
115172984  [KO:K05849]
115173221  [KO:K04548]
115173520  [KO:K07825]
115173628  [KO:K04501]
115173645  [KO:K09262]
115173833  [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115174110  [KO:K06827]
115174482  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
115174483  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
115174612  [KO:K02183]
115174699  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115174700  [KO:K09203]
115174880  [KO:K06827]
115175325  [KO:K06827]
115175579  [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115175592  [KO:K05742]
115175633  [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115175821  [KO:K09262]
115175837  [KO:K04501]
115175948  [KO:K07825]
115176102  [KO:K07188] [EC:3.1.1.79]
115176153  [KO:K04548]
115176477  [KO:K07825]
115176532  [KO:K04718] [EC:2.7.1.91]
115176558  [KO:K04501]
115176807  mef2d; myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2D isoform X1 [KO:K09262]
115177066  [KO:K05742]
115177122  [KO:K05742]
115177279  [KO:K07825]
115177356  [KO:K07188] [EC:3.1.1.79]
115177411  [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115177550  [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115177735  [KO:K05849]
115178179  [KO:K21290]
115178181  [KO:K21290]
115178387  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
115178512  [KO:K10435]
115178752  [KO:K04542]
115178754  [KO:K09262]
115178760  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115178789  [KO:K04718] [EC:2.7.1.91]
115178829  [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115178908  [KO:K06052]
115179161  [KO:K07831]
115179427  [KO:K04543]
115179802  [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
115179824  adcy10; adenylate cyclase type 10 isoform X1 [KO:K11265] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115179841  [KO:K07200]
115180008  [KO:K04501]
115180033  [KO:K11831]
115180047  [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
115180555  [KO:K04630]
115181703  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
115182763  apela; apelin receptor early endogenous ligand [KO:K25355]
115183447  [KO:K07188] [EC:3.1.1.79]
115184010  [KO:K08334]
115184997  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
115188940  [KO:K04547]
115189202  [KO:K04718] [EC:2.7.1.91]
115189487  [KO:K04547]
115189506  [KO:K04547]
115189581  [KO:K11830]
115189583  [KO:K11830]
115190095  [KO:K04962]
115190128  ryr2; ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
115191681  [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115191758  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115191963  [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115192082  [KO:K02991]
115192116  [KO:K07830]
115192138  [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
115192295  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115192327  [KO:K04347]
115192416  prkaa2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
115192626  [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
115192893  [KO:K04539]
115192958  smad3; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 [KO:K23605]
115192967  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
115193024  [KO:K12750]
115193602  [KO:K05849]
115193688  [KO:K04962]
115193937  [KO:K02183]
115193950  [KO:K06827]
115194244  [KO:K07202]
115194425  [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
115194599  [KO:K03982]
115195160  [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
115195314  [KO:K04166]
115195541  [KO:K07200]
115195639  [KO:K04674] [EC:2.7.11.30]
115195933  [KO:K07200]
115196009  [KO:K07831]
115196192  [KO:K04543]
115196590  [KO:K04539]
115196775  [KO:K09260]
115196795  [KO:K04549]
115196926  [KO:K10435]
115197130  [KO:K02183]
115197299  [KO:K02833]
115197349  [KO:K04630]
115197360  [KO:K07827]
115197365  [KO:K04959]
115197603  [KO:K04503]
115198091  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115198249  [KO:K07202]
115198424  [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
115198564  [KO:K03982]
115198619  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
115198746  [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
115199006  [KO:K04630]
115199135  [KO:K11831]
115199403  [KO:K20995]
115199598  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
115199711  [KO:K04501]
115199769  [KO:K04454]
115199800  [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
115199825  [KO:K04634]
115199870  [KO:K04500]
115200018  [KO:K04174]
115200284  [KO:K01343] [EC:3.4.21.68]
115200502  [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
115200671  [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
115200873  [KO:K04541]
115200905  [KO:K06052]
115201163  [KO:K12313]
115201192  [KO:K18050] [EC:2.7.11.13]
115201224  [KO:K04639]
115201458  [KO:K04549]
115201509  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115201530  prkce; protein kinase C epsilon type isoform X1 [KO:K18050] [EC:2.7.11.13]
115201737  [KO:K21290]
115201917  [KO:K04718] [EC:2.7.1.91]
115202045  [KO:K02991]
115202102  [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115202922  [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
115202965  [KO:K04503]
115202968  [KO:K05689]
115203236  [KO:K13296] [EC:3.1.4.17]
115203241  [KO:K07830]
115203287  [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115203340  [KO:K04539]
115203522  [KO:K02183]
115203857  [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
115203895  [KO:K04454]
115204162  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
115204200  [KO:K04174]
115204259  [KO:K02183]
115204264  [KO:K05849]
115204272  [KO:K04540]
115204352  [KO:K04544]
115204363  [KO:K04961]
115204542  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115204620  [KO:K04542]
115204894  [KO:K10435]
115205078  apln; apelin [KO:K05225]
115205429  [KO:K09203]
115205902  [KO:K06052]
115205945  [KO:K02183]
115206122  [KO:K05849]
115206146  [KO:K04347]
115206403  [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115206444  [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115206488  nos2; nitric oxide synthase, inducible [KO:K13241] [EC:1.14.13.39]
115206563  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115206697  [KO:K04961]
115207454  [KO:K04630]
115207476  [KO:K04536]
115207563  [KO:K04958]
115207704  [KO:K07827]
115207803  [KO:K04630]
115207836  [KO:K07200]
115207876  [KO:K04630]
115207911  [KO:K04958]
115208045  [KO:K10351]
115208491  [KO:K05849]
115208522  [KO:K06052]
115208534  [KO:K10435]
115208564  [KO:K04639]
115208587  [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
115208636  [KO:K04718] [EC:2.7.1.91]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C06124  Sphingosine 1-phosphate
Reference
  Authors
Yang P, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP
  Title
Apelin, Elabela/Toddler, and biased agonists as novel therapeutic agents in the cardiovascular system.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 36:560-7 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.002
Reference
  Authors
Andersen CU, Hilberg O, Mellemkjaer S, Nielsen-Kudsk JE, Simonsen U
  Title
Apelin and pulmonary hypertension.
  Journal
Pulm Circ 1:334-46 (2011)
DOI:10.4103/2045-8932.87299
Reference
  Authors
Chapman NA, Dupre DJ, Rainey JK
  Title
The apelin receptor: physiology, pathology, cell signalling, and ligand modulation of a peptide-activated class A GPCR.
  Journal
Biochem Cell Biol 92:431-40 (2014)
DOI:10.1139/bcb-2014-0072
Reference
  Authors
Japp AG, Newby DE
  Title
The apelin-APJ system in heart failure: pathophysiologic relevance and therapeutic potential.
  Journal
Biochem Pharmacol 75:1882-92 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.12.015
Reference
  Authors
Folino A, Montarolo PG, Samaja M, Rastaldo R
  Title
Effects of apelin on the cardiovascular system.
  Journal
Heart Fail Rev 20:505-18 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s10741-015-9475-x
Reference
  Authors
O'Carroll AM, Lolait SJ, Harris LE, Pope GR
  Title
The apelin receptor APJ: journey from an orphan to a multifaceted regulator of homeostasis.
  Journal
J Endocrinol 219:R13-35 (2013)
DOI:10.1530/JOE-13-0227
Reference
  Authors
Liu QF, Yu HW, You L, Liu MX, Li KY, Tao GZ
  Title
Apelin-13-induced proliferation and migration induced of rat vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by the upregulation of Egr-1.
  Journal
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 439:235-40 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.051
Reference
  Authors
Novakova V, Sandhu GS, Dragomir-Daescu D, Klabusay M
  Title
Apelinergic system in endothelial cells and its role in angiogenesis in myocardial ischemia.
  Journal
Vascul Pharmacol 76:1-10 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.vph.2015.08.005
Reference
  Authors
Castan-Laurell I, Dray C, Attane C, Duparc T, Knauf C, Valet P
  Title
Apelin, diabetes, and obesity.
  Journal
Endocrine 40:1-9 (2011)
DOI:10.1007/s12020-011-9507-9
Reference
  Authors
Li L, Li L, Xie F, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Tang G, Lv D, Lu Q, Chen L, Li J
  Title
Jagged-1/Notch3 signaling transduction pathway is involved in apelin-13-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation.
  Journal
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 45:875-81 (2013)
DOI:10.1093/abbs/gmt085
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Wu D, He L, Chen L
  Title
Apelin/APJ system: a promising therapy target for hypertension.
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Mol Biol Rep 41:6691-703 (2014)
DOI:10.1007/s11033-014-3552-4
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Liu C, Su T, Li F, Li L, Qin X, Pan W, Feng F, Chen F, Liao D, Chen L
  Title
PI3K/Akt signaling transduction pathway is involved in rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by apelin-13.
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Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 42:396-402 (2010)
DOI:10.1093/abbs/gmq035
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Xie F, Liu W, Feng F, Li X, He L, Lv D, Qin X, Li L, Li L, Chen L
  Title
Apelin-13 promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via PI3K-Akt-ERK1/2-p70S6K and PI3K-induced autophagy.
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Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 47:969-80 (2015)
DOI:10.1093/abbs/gmv111
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Lu L, Wu D, Li L, Chen L
  Title
Apelin/APJ system: A bifunctional target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Int J Cardiol 230:164-170 (2017)
DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.215
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Carmen GY, Victor SM
  Title
Signalling mechanisms regulating lipolysis.
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Cell Signal 18:401-8 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.08.009
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Hu H, He L, Li L, Chen L
  Title
Apelin/APJ system as a therapeutic target in diabetes and its complications.
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Mol Genet Metab 119:20-7 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.07.012
Reference
  Authors
Bertrand C, Valet P, Castan-Laurell I
  Title
Apelin and energy metabolism.
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Front Physiol 6:115 (2015)
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2015.00115
Reference
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Yao F, Lv YC, Zhang M, Xie W, Tan YL, Gong D, Cheng HP, Liu D, Li L, Liu XY, Zheng XL, Tang CK
  Title
Apelin-13 impedes foam cell formation by activating Class III PI3K/Beclin-1-mediated autophagic pathway.
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Biochem Biophys Res Commun 466:637-43 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.045
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Than A, Cheng Y, Foh LC, Leow MK, Lim SC, Chuah YJ, Kang Y, Chen P
  Title
Apelin inhibits adipogenesis and lipolysis through distinct molecular pathways.
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Mol Cell Endocrinol 362:227-41 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.002
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Yu XH, Tang ZB, Liu LJ, Qian H, Tang SL, Zhang DW, Tian GP, Tang CK
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Apelin and its receptor APJ in cardiovascular diseases.
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Clin Chim Acta 428:1-8 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2013.09.001
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  Authors
Than A, He HL, Chua SH, Xu D, Sun L, Leow MK, Chen P
  Title
Apelin Enhances Brown Adipogenesis and Browning of White Adipocytes.
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J Biol Chem 290:14679-91 (2015)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M115.643817
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Fu J, Li Z, Zhang H, Mao Y, Wang A, Wang X, Zou Z, Zhang X
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Molecular pathways regulating the formation of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue.
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Diabetes Metab Res Rev 31:433-52 (2015)
DOI:10.1002/dmrr.2600
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Aharoni-Simon M, Hann-Obercyger M, Pen S, Madar Z, Tirosh O
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Fatty liver is associated with impaired activity of PPARgamma-coactivator 1alpha (PGC1alpha) and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice.
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Lab Invest 91:1018-28 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/labinvest.2011.55
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McLean DL, Kim J, Kang Y, Shi H, Atkins GB, Jain MK, Chun HJ
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Apelin/APJ signaling is a critical regulator of statin effects in vascular endothelial cells--brief report.
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Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32:2640-3 (2012)
DOI:10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300317
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Pchejetski D, Foussal C, Alfarano C, Lairez O, Calise D, Guilbeau-Frugier C, Schaak S, Seguelas MH, Wanecq E, Valet P, Parini A, Kunduzova O
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Apelin prevents cardiac fibroblast activation and collagen production through inhibition of sphingosine kinase 1.
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Eur Heart J 33:2360-9 (2012)
DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr389
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Huang S, Chen L, Lu L, Li L
  Title
The apelin-APJ axis: A novel potential therapeutic target for organ fibrosis.
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Clin Chim Acta 456:81-8 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.025
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Liu G, Han J, Profirovic J, Strekalova E, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA
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Galpha13 regulates MEF2-dependent gene transcription in endothelial cells: role in angiogenesis.
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Angiogenesis 12:1-15 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/s10456-008-9123-3
Reference
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Kang Y, Kim J, Anderson JP, Wu J, Gleim SR, Kundu RK, McLean DL, Kim JD, Park H, Jin SW, Hwa J, Quertermous T, Chun HJ
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Apelin-APJ signaling is a critical regulator of endothelial MEF2 activation in cardiovascular development.
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Circ Res 113:22-31 (2013)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301324
Reference
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Wang LY, Diao ZL, Zhang DL, Zheng JF, Zhang QD, Ding JX, Liu WH
  Title
The regulatory peptide apelin: a novel inhibitor of renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Amino Acids 46:2693-704 (2014)
DOI:10.1007/s00726-014-1826-8
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Zhou Y, Deng L, Zhao D, Chen L, Yao Z, Guo X, Liu X, Lv L, Leng B, Xu W, Qiao G, Shan H
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MicroRNA-503 promotes angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by targeting Apelin-13.
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J Cell Mol Med 20:495-505 (2016)
DOI:10.1111/jcmm.12754
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Zhong JC, Zhang ZZ, Wang W, McKinnie SM, Vederas JC, Oudit GY
  Title
Targeting the apelin pathway as a novel therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases.
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Biochim Biophys Acta 1863:1942-1950 (2017)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.007
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pathway
stru04010  MAPK signaling pathway
stru04020  Calcium signaling pathway
stru04140  Autophagy - animal
stru04150  mTOR signaling pathway
stru04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
stru04530  Tight junction
KO pathway
ko04371   

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