KEGG   DISEASE: Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Entry
H00266                      Disease                                
Name
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
  Subgroup
MASA syndrome [DS:H02178]
Description
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (SPG) are a group of clinically and genetically diverse disorders characterized by progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity.
Category
Nervous system disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
 08 Diseases of the nervous system
  Spinal cord disorders excluding trauma
   8B44  Degenerative myelopathic disorders
    H00266  Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
 Cellular process
  nt06539  Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
   H00266  Hereditary spastic paraplegia
  nt06541  Cytoskeleton in neurons
   H00266  Hereditary spastic paraplegia
  nt06544  Neuroactive ligand signaling
   H00266  Hereditary spastic paraplegia
  nt06545  Cornified envelope formation
   H00266  Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Pathway
hsa04144  Endocytosis
hsa04142  Lysosome
hsa00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
hsa00230  Purine metabolism
hsa04820  Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
Network
nt06539 Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
nt06541 Cytoskeleton in neurons
nt06544 Neuroactive ligand signaling
nt06545 Cornified envelope formation
Gene
(SPG1) L1CAM [HSA:3897] [KO:K06550]
(SPG2) PLP1 [HSA:5354] [KO:K17271]
(SPG3) ATL1 [HSA:51062] [KO:K17339]
(SPG4) SPAST [HSA:6683] [KO:K13254]
(SPG5) CYP7B1 [HSA:9420] [KO:K07430]
(SPG6) NIPA1 [HSA:123606] [KO:K19364]
(SPG7) SPG7 [HSA:6687] [KO:K09552]
(SPG8) WASHC5 [HSA:9897] [KO:K18464]
(SPG9) ALDH18A1 [HSA:5832] [KO:K12657]
(SPG10) KIF5A [HSA:3798] [KO:K10396]
(SPG11) SPG11 [HSA:80208] [KO:K19026]
(SPG12) RTN2 [HSA:6253] [KO:K20722]
(SPG13) HSPD1 [HSA:3329] [KO:K04077]
(SPG15) ZFYVE26 [HSA:23503] [KO:K19027]
(SPG17) BSCL2 [HSA:26580] [KO:K19365]
(SPG18A/18B) ERLIN2 [HSA:11160] [KO:K23341]
(SPG20) SPART [HSA:23111] [KO:K19366]
(SPG21) SPG21 [HSA:51324] [KO:K19367]
(SPG23) DSTYK [HSA:25778] [KO:K16288]
(SPG26) B4GALNT1 [HSA:2583] [KO:K00725]
(SPG28) DDHD1 [HSA:80821] [KO:K13619]
(SPG30A/30B) KIF1A [HSA:547] [KO:K10392]
(SPG31) REEP1 [HSA:65055] [KO:K17338]
(SPG33) ZFYVE27 [HSA:118813] [KO:K19368]
(SPG35) FA2H [HSA:79152] [KO:K19703]
(SPG39) PNPLA6 [HSA:10908] [KO:K14676]
(SPG42) SLC33A1 [HSA:9197] [KO:K03372]
(SPG43) C19orf12 [HSA:83636] [KO:K23168]
(SPG44) GJC2 [HSA:57165] [KO:K07619]
(SPG45) NT5C2 [HSA:22978] [KO:K01081]
(SPG46) GBA2 [HSA:57704] [KO:K17108]
(SPG47) AP4B1 [HSA:10717] [KO:K12401]
(SPG48) AP5Z1 [HSA:9907] [KO:K19025]
(SPG49) TECPR2 [HSA:9895] [KO:K23881]
(SPG50) AP4M1 [HSA:9179] [KO:K12402]
(SPG51) AP4E1 [HSA:23431] [KO:K12400]
(SPG52) AP4S1 [HSA:11154] [KO:K12403]
(SPG53) VPS37A [HSA:137492] [KO:K12185]
(SPG54) DDHD2 [HSA:23259] [KO:K16545]
(SPG55) MTRFR [HSA:91574] [KO:K23498]
(SPG56) CYP2U1 [HSA:113612] [KO:K07422]
(SPG57) TFG [HSA:10342] [KO:K09292]
(SPG61) ARL6IP1 [HSA:23204] [KO:K24864]
(SPG62) ERLIN1 [HSA:10613] [KO:K23341]
(SPG63) AMPD2 [HSA:271] [KO:K01490]
(SPG64) ENTPD1 [HSA:953] [KO:K01510]
(SPG70) MARS1 [HSA:4141] [KO:K01874]
(SPG72A/72B) REEP2 [HSA:51308] [KO:K17338]
(SPG73) CPT1C [HSA:126129] [KO:K19524]
(SPG74) IBA57 [HSA:200205] [KO:K22073]
(SPG75) MAG [HSA:4099] [KO:K06771]
(SPG76) CAPN1 [HSA:823] [KO:K01367]
(SPG77) FARS2 [HSA:10667] [KO:K01889]
(SPG78) ATP13A2 [HSA:23400] [KO:K13526]
(SPG79A/79B) UCHL1 [HSA:7345] [KO:K05611]
(SPG80) UBAP1 [HSA:51271] [KO:K24629]
(SPG81) SELENOI [HSA:85465] [KO:K00993]
(SPG82) PCYT2 [HSA:5833] [KO:K00967]
(SPG83) HPDL [HSA:84842] [KO:K24788]
(SPG84) PI4KA [HSA:5297] [KO:K00888]
(SPG85) RNF170 [HSA:81790] [KO:K15707]
(SPG86) ABHD16A [HSA:7920] [KO:K25824]
(SPG87) TMEM63C [HSA:57156] [KO:K21989]
(SPG88) KPNA3 [HSA:3839] [KO:K23583]
(SPG89) AMFR [HSA:267] [KO:K10636]
(SPG90A/90B) SPTSSA [HSA:171546] [KO:K26384]
(SPG91) SPTAN1 [HSA:6709] [KO:K06114]
(SPG92) FICD [HSA:11153] [KO:K04095]
(SPG93) NFU1 [HSA:27247] [KO:K22074]
Other DBs
ICD-11: 8B44.0
MeSH: D015419
OMIM: 303350 312920 182600 182601 270800 600363 607259 603563 601162 616586 604187 604360 604805 605280 270700 270685 620512 611225 275900 248900 270750 609195 609340 610357 620607 610250 610244 612319 612020 612539 615043 613206 613162 614409 614066 613647 615031 612936 613744 614067 614898 615033 615035 615030 615658 615685 615681 615686 615683 620323 615625 620606 616282 616451 616680 616907 617046 617225 620221 615491 618768 618770 619027 619621 619686 619735 619966 620106 620379 620416 620417 620538 620911 620938
Reference
  Authors
Salinas S, Proukakis C, Crosby A, Warner TT
  Title
Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinical features and pathogenetic mechanisms.
  Journal
Lancet Neurol 7:1127-38 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70258-8
Reference
  Authors
Fink JK
  Title
Hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 6:65-76 (2006)
DOI:10.1007/s11910-996-0011-1
Reference
  Authors
Fink JK
  Title
Advances in the hereditary spastic paraplegias.
  Journal
Exp Neurol 184 Suppl 1:S106-10 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.08.005
Reference
PMID:7920659 (SPG1)
  Authors
Jouet M, Rosenthal A, Armstrong G, MacFarlane J, Stevenson R, Paterson J, Metzenberg A, Ionasescu V, Temple K, Kenwrick S
  Title
X-linked spastic paraplegia (SPG1), MASA syndrome and X-linked hydrocephalus result from mutations in the L1 gene.
  Journal
Nat Genet 7:402-7 (1994)
DOI:10.1038/ng0794-402
Reference
PMID:8012387 (SPG2)
  Authors
Saugier-Veber P, Munnich A, Bonneau D, Rozet JM, Le Merrer M, Gil R, Boespflug-Tanguy O
  Title
X-linked spastic paraplegia and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease are allelic disorders at the proteolipid protein locus.
  Journal
Nat Genet 6:257-62 (1994)
DOI:10.1038/ng0394-257
Reference
PMID:11685207 (SPG3)
  Authors
Zhao X, Alvarado D, Rainier S, Lemons R, Hedera P, Weber CH, Tukel T, Apak M, Heiman-Patterson T, Ming L, Bui M, Fink JK
  Title
Mutations in a newly identified GTPase gene cause autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Nat Genet 29:326-31 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/ng758
Reference
PMID:10610178 (SPG4)
  Authors
Hazan J, Fonknechten N, Mavel D, Paternotte C, Samson D, Artiguenave F, Davoine CS, Cruaud C, Durr A, Wincker P, Brottier P, Cattolico L, Barbe V, Burgunder JM, Prud'homme JF, Brice A, Fontaine B, Heilig B, Weissenbach J
  Title
Spastin, a new AAA protein, is altered in the most frequent form of autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Nat Genet 23:296-303 (1999)
DOI:10.1038/15472
Reference
PMID:18252231 (SPG5)
  Authors
Tsaousidou MK, Ouahchi K, Warner TT, Yang Y, Simpson MA, Laing NG, Wilkinson PA, Madrid RE, Patel H, Hentati F, Patton MA, Hentati A, Lamont PJ, Siddique T, Crosby AH
  Title
Sequence alterations within CYP7B1 implicate defective cholesterol homeostasis in motor-neuron degeneration.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 82:510-5 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.001
Reference
PMID:14508710 (SPG6)
  Authors
Rainier S, Chai JH, Tokarz D, Nicholls RD, Fink JK
  Title
NIPA1 gene mutations cause autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG6).
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 73:967-71 (2003)
DOI:10.1086/378817
Reference
PMID:9635427 (SPG7)
  Authors
Casari G, De Fusco M, Ciarmatori S, Zeviani M, Mora M, Fernandez P, De Michele G, Filla A, Cocozza S, Marconi R, Durr A, Fontaine B, Ballabio A
  Title
Spastic paraplegia and OXPHOS impairment caused by mutations in paraplegin, a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial metalloprotease.
  Journal
Cell 93:973-83 (1998)
DOI:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81203-9
Reference
PMID:17160902 (SPG8)
  Authors
Valdmanis PN, Meijer IA, Reynolds A, Lei A, MacLeod P, Schlesinger D, Zatz M, Reid E, Dion PA, Drapeau P, Rouleau GA
  Title
Mutations in the KIAA0196 gene at the SPG8 locus cause hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 80:152-61 (2007)
DOI:10.1086/510782
Reference
PMID:26026163 (SPG9)
  Authors
Coutelier M, Goizet C, Durr A, Habarou F, Morais S, Dionne-Laporte A, Tao F, Konop J, Stoll M, Charles P, Jacoupy M, Matusiak R, Alonso I, Tallaksen C, Mairey M, Kennerson M, Gaussen M, Schule R, Janin M, Morice-Picard F, Durand CM, Depienne C, Calvas P, Coutinho P, Saudubray JM, Rouleau G, Brice A, Nicholson G, Darios F, Loureiro JL, Zuchner S, Ottolenghi C, Mochel F, Stevanin G
  Title
Alteration of ornithine metabolism leads to dominant and recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Brain 138:2191-205 (2015)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awv143
Reference
PMID:12355402 (SPG10)
  Authors
Reid E, Kloos M, Ashley-Koch A, Hughes L, Bevan S, Svenson IK, Graham FL, Gaskell PC, Dearlove A, Pericak-Vance MA, Rubinsztein DC, Marchuk DA
  Title
A kinesin heavy chain (KIF5A) mutation in hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG10).
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 71:1189-94 (2002)
DOI:10.1086/344210
Reference
PMID:17322883 (SPG11)
  Authors
Stevanin G, Santorelli FM, Azzedine H, Coutinho P, Chomilier J, Denora PS, Martin E, Ouvrard-Hernandez AM, Tessa A, Bouslam N, Lossos A, Charles P, Loureiro JL, Elleuch N, Confavreux C, Cruz VT, Ruberg M, Leguern E, Grid D, Tazir M, Fontaine B, Filla A, Bertini E, Durr A, Brice A
  Title
Mutations in SPG11, encoding spatacsin, are a major cause of spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum.
  Journal
Nat Genet 39:366-72 (2007)
DOI:10.1038/ng1980
Reference
PMID:22232211 (SPG12)
  Authors
Montenegro G, Rebelo AP, Connell J, Allison R, Babalini C, D'Aloia M, Montieri P, Schule R, Ishiura H, Price J, Strickland A, Gonzalez MA, Baumbach-Reardon L, Deconinck T, Huang J, Bernardi G, Vance JM, Rogers MT, Tsuji S, De Jonghe P, Pericak-Vance MA, Schols L, Orlacchio A, Reid E, Zuchner S
  Title
Mutations in the ER-shaping protein reticulon 2 cause the axon-degenerative disorder hereditary spastic paraplegia type 12.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 122:538-44 (2012)
DOI:10.1172/JCI60560
Reference
PMID:11898127 (SPG13)
  Authors
Hansen JJ, Durr A, Cournu-Rebeix I, Georgopoulos C, Ang D, Nielsen MN, Davoine CS, Brice A, Fontaine B, Gregersen N, Bross P
  Title
Hereditary spastic paraplegia SPG13 is associated with a mutation in the gene encoding the mitochondrial chaperonin Hsp60.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 70:1328-32 (2002)
DOI:10.1086/339935
Reference
PMID:18394578 (SPG15)
  Authors
Hanein S, Martin E, Boukhris A, Byrne P, Goizet C, Hamri A, Benomar A, Lossos A, Denora P, Fernandez J, Elleuch N, Forlani S, Durr A, Feki I, Hutchinson M, Santorelli FM, Mhiri C, Brice A, Stevanin G
  Title
Identification of the SPG15 gene, encoding spastizin, as a frequent cause of complicated autosomal-recessive spastic paraplegia, including Kjellin syndrome.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 82:992-1002 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.004
Reference
PMID:14981520 (SPG17)
  Authors
Windpassinger C, Auer-Grumbach M, Irobi J, Patel H, Petek E, Horl G, Malli R, Reed JA, Dierick I, Verpoorten N, Warner TT, Proukakis C, Van den Bergh P, Verellen C, Van Maldergem L, Merlini L, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V, Crosby AH, Wagner K
  Title
Heterozygous missense mutations in BSCL2 are associated with distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Silver syndrome.
  Journal
Nat Genet 36:271-6 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/ng1313
Reference
PMID:29528531 (SPG18A)
  Authors
Rydning SL, Dudesek A, Rimmele F, Funke C, Kruger S, Biskup S, Vigeland MD, Hjorthaug HS, Sejersted Y, Tallaksen C, Selmer KK, Kamm C
  Title
A novel heterozygous variant in ERLIN2 causes autosomal dominant pure hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Eur J Neurol 25:943-e71 (2018)
DOI:10.1111/ene.13625
Reference
PMID:23109145 (SPG18B)
  Authors
Al-Saif A, Bohlega S, Al-Mohanna F
  Title
Loss of ERLIN2 function leads to juvenile primary lateral sclerosis.
  Journal
Ann Neurol 72:510-6 (2012)
DOI:10.1002/ana.23641
Reference
PMID:12134148 (SPG20)
  Authors
Patel H, Cross H, Proukakis C, Hershberger R, Bork P, Ciccarelli FD, Patton MA, McKusick VA, Crosby AH
  Title
SPG20 is mutated in Troyer syndrome, an hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Nat Genet 31:347-8 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/ng937
Reference
PMID:14564668 (SPG21)
  Authors
Simpson MA, Cross H, Proukakis C, Pryde A, Hershberger R, Chatonnet A, Patton MA, Crosby AH
  Title
Maspardin is mutated in mast syndrome, a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with dementia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 73:1147-56 (2003)
DOI:10.1086/379522
Reference
PMID:28157540 (SPG23)
  Authors
Lee JYW, Hsu CK, Michael M, Nanda A, Liu L, McMillan JR, Pourreyron C, Takeichi T, Tolar J, Reid E, Hayday T, Blumen SC, Abu-Mouch S, Straussberg R, Basel-Vanagaite L, Barhum Y, Zouabi Y, Al-Ajmi H, Huang HY, Lin TC, Akiyama M, Lee JYY, McLean WHI, Simpson MA, Parsons M, McGrath JA
  Title
Large Intragenic Deletion in DSTYK Underlies Autosomal-Recessive Complicated Spastic Paraparesis, SPG23.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 100:364-370 (2017)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.01.014
Reference
PMID:23746551 (SPG26)
  Authors
Boukhris A, Schule R, Loureiro JL, Lourenco CM, Mundwiller E, Gonzalez MA, Charles P, Gauthier J, Rekik I, Acosta Lebrigio RF, Gaussen M, Speziani F, Ferbert A, Feki I, Caballero-Oteyza A, Dionne-Laporte A, Amri M, Noreau A, Forlani S, Cruz VT, Mochel F, Coutinho P, Dion P, Mhiri C, Schols L, Pouget J, Darios F, Rouleau GA, Marques W Jr, Brice A, Durr A, Zuchner S, Stevanin G
  Title
Alteration of ganglioside biosynthesis responsible for complex hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 93:118-23 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.006
Reference
PMID:15786464 (SPG28)
  Authors
Bouslam N, Benomar A, Azzedine H, Bouhouche A, Namekawa M, Klebe S, Charon C, Durr A, Ruberg M, Brice A, Yahyaoui M, Stevanin G
  Title
Mapping of a new form of pure autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia (SPG28).
  Journal
Ann Neurol 57:567-71 (2005)
DOI:10.1002/ana.20416
Reference
PMID:21487076 (SPG30)
  Authors
Erlich Y, Edvardson S, Hodges E, Zenvirt S, Thekkat P, Shaag A, Dor T, Hannon GJ, Elpeleg O
  Title
Exome sequencing and disease-network analysis of a single family implicate a mutation in KIF1A in hereditary spastic paraparesis.
  Journal
Genome Res 21:658-64 (2011)
DOI:10.1101/gr.117143.110
Reference
PMID:16826527 (SPG31)
  Authors
Zuchner S, Wang G, Tran-Viet KN, Nance MA, Gaskell PC, Vance JM, Ashley-Koch AE, Pericak-Vance MA
  Title
Mutations in the novel mitochondrial protein REEP1 cause hereditary spastic paraplegia type 31.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 79:365-9 (2006)
DOI:10.1086/505361
Reference
PMID:16826525 (SPG33)
  Authors
Mannan AU, Krawen P, Sauter SM, Boehm J, Chronowska A, Paulus W, Neesen J, Engel W
  Title
ZFYVE27 (SPG33), a novel spastin-binding protein, is mutated in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 79:351-7 (2006)
DOI:10.1086/504927
Reference
PMID:19068277 (SPG35)
  Authors
Edvardson S, Hama H, Shaag A, Gomori JM, Berger I, Soffer D, Korman SH, Taustein I, Saada A, Elpeleg O
  Title
Mutations in the fatty acid 2-hydroxylase gene are associated with leukodystrophy with spastic paraparesis and dystonia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 83:643-8 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.010
Reference
PMID:18313024 (SPG39)
  Authors
Rainier S, Bui M, Mark E, Thomas D, Tokarz D, Ming L, Delaney C, Richardson RJ, Albers JW, Matsunami N, Stevens J, Coon H, Leppert M, Fink JK
  Title
Neuropathy target esterase gene mutations cause motor neuron disease.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 82:780-5 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.018
Reference
PMID:19061983 (SPG42)
  Authors
Lin P, Li J, Liu Q, Mao F, Li J, Qiu R, Hu H, Song Y, Yang Y, Gao G, Yan C, Yang W, Shao C, Gong Y
  Title
A missense mutation in SLC33A1, which encodes the acetyl-CoA transporter, causes autosomal-dominant spastic paraplegia (SPG42).
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 83:752-9 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.003
Reference
PMID:23857908 (SPG43)
  Authors
Landoure G, Zhu PP, Lourenco CM, Johnson JO, Toro C, Bricceno KV, Rinaldi C, Meilleur KG, Sangare M, Diallo O, Pierson TM, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Hein N, Fink JK, Stoll M, Nicholson G, Gonzalez MA, Speziani F, Durr A, Stevanin G, Biesecker LG, Accardi J, Landis DM, Gahl WA, Traynor BJ, Marques W Jr, Zuchner S, Blackstone C, Fischbeck KH, Burnett BG
  Title
Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 43 (SPG43) is caused by mutation in C19orf12.
  Journal
Hum Mutat 34:1357-60 (2013)
DOI:10.1002/humu.22378
Reference
PMID:19056803 (SPG44)
  Authors
Orthmann-Murphy JL, Salsano E, Abrams CK, Bizzi A, Uziel G, Freidin MM, Lamantea E, Zeviani M, Scherer SS, Pareyson D
  Title
Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a novel phenotype for GJA12/GJC2 mutations.
  Journal
Brain 132:426-38 (2009)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awn328
Reference
PMID:24482476 (SPG45_61_62_63_64_70)
  Authors
Novarino G, Fenstermaker AG, Zaki MS, Hofree M, Silhavy JL, Heiberg AD, Abdellateef M, Rosti B, Scott E, Mansour L, Masri A, Kayserili H, Al-Aama JY, Abdel-Salam GMH, Karminejad A, Kara M, Kara B, Bozorgmehri B, Ben-Omran T, Mojahedi F, El Din Mahmoud IG, Bouslam N, Bouhouche A, Benomar A, Hanein S, Raymond L, Forlani S, Mascaro M, Selim L, Shehata N, Al-Allawi N, Bindu PS, Azam M, Gunel M, Caglayan A, Bilguvar K, Tolun A, Issa MY, Schroth J, Spencer EG, Rosti RO, Akizu N, Vaux KK, Johansen A, Koh AA, Megahed H, Durr A, Brice A, Stevanin G, Gabriel SB, Ideker T, Gleeson JG
  Title
Exome sequencing links corticospinal motor neuron disease to common neurodegenerative disorders.
  Journal
Science 343:506-511 (2014)
DOI:10.1126/science.1247363
Reference
PMID:23332916 (SPG46)
  Authors
Martin E, Schule R, Smets K, Rastetter A, Boukhris A, Loureiro JL, Gonzalez MA, Mundwiller E, Deconinck T, Wessner M, Jornea L, Oteyza AC, Durr A, Martin JJ, Schols L, Mhiri C, Lamari F, Zuchner S, De Jonghe P, Kabashi E, Brice A, Stevanin G
  Title
Loss of function of glucocerebrosidase GBA2 is responsible for motor neuron defects in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 92:238-44 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.11.021
Reference
PMID:21620353 (SPG47_51_52)
  Authors
Abou Jamra R, Philippe O, Raas-Rothschild A, Eck SH, Graf E, Buchert R, Borck G, Ekici A, Brockschmidt FF, Nothen MM, Munnich A, Strom TM, Reis A, Colleaux L
  Title
Adaptor protein complex 4 deficiency causes severe autosomal-recessive intellectual disability, progressive spastic paraplegia, shy character, and short stature.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 88:788-795 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.019
Reference
PMID:20613862 (SPG48)
  Authors
Slabicki M, Theis M, Krastev DB, Samsonov S, Mundwiller E, Junqueira M, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Teyra J, Heninger AK, Poser I, Prieur F, Truchetto J, Confavreux C, Marelli C, Durr A, Camdessanche JP, Brice A, Shevchenko A, Pisabarro MT, Stevanin G, Buchholz F
  Title
A genome-scale DNA repair RNAi screen identifies SPG48 as a novel gene associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
PLoS Biol 8:e1000408 (2010)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000408
Reference
PMID:23176824 (SPG49)
  Authors
Oz-Levi D, Ben-Zeev B, Ruzzo EK, Hitomi Y, Gelman A, Pelak K, Anikster Y, Reznik-Wolf H, Bar-Joseph I, Olender T, Alkelai A, Weiss M, Ben-Asher E, Ge D, Shianna KV, Elazar Z, Goldstein DB, Pras E, Lancet D
  Title
Mutation in TECPR2 reveals a role for autophagy in hereditary spastic paraparesis.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 91:1065-72 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.09.015
Reference
PMID:19559397 (SPG50)
  Authors
Verkerk AJ, Schot R, Dumee B, Schellekens K, Swagemakers S, Bertoli-Avella AM, Lequin MH, Dudink J, Govaert P, van Zwol AL, Hirst J, Wessels MW, Catsman-Berrevoets C, Verheijen FW, de Graaff E, de Coo IF, Kros JM, Willemsen R, Willems PJ, van der Spek PJ, Mancini GM
  Title
Mutation in the AP4M1 gene provides a model for neuroaxonal injury in cerebral palsy.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 85:40-52 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.06.004
Reference
PMID:22717650 (SPG53)
  Authors
Zivony-Elboum Y, Westbroek W, Kfir N, Savitzki D, Shoval Y, Bloom A, Rod R, Khayat M, Gross B, Samri W, Cohen H, Sonkin V, Freidman T, Geiger D, Fattal-Valevski A, Anikster Y, Waters AM, Kleta R, Falik-Zaccai TC
  Title
A founder mutation in Vps37A causes autosomal recessive complex hereditary spastic paraparesis.
  Journal
J Med Genet 49:462-72 (2012)
DOI:10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100742
Reference
PMID:23176823 (SPG54)
  Authors
Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JH, Geraghty MT, Kamsteeg EJ, Ben-Salem S, de Bot ST, Nijhof B, van de Vondervoort II, van der Graaf M, Nobau AC, Otte-Holler I, Vermeer S, Smith AC, Humphreys P, Schwartzentruber J, Ali BR, Al-Yahyaee SA, Tariq S, Pramathan T, Bayoumi R, Kremer HP, van de Warrenburg BP, van den Akker WM, Gilissen C, Veltman JA, Janssen IM, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, van der Velde-Visser S, Lefeber DJ, Diekstra A, Erasmus CE, Willemsen MA, Vissers LE, Lammens M, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG, Wevers RA, Schenck A, Al-Gazali L, de Vries BB, de Brouwer AP
  Title
Mutations in DDHD2, encoding an intracellular phospholipase A(1), cause a recessive form of complex hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 91:1073-81 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.017
Reference
PMID:23188110 (SPG55)
  Authors
Shimazaki H, Takiyama Y, Ishiura H, Sakai C, Matsushima Y, Hatakeyama H, Honda J, Sakoe K, Naoi T, Namekawa M, Fukuda Y, Takahashi Y, Goto J, Tsuji S, Goto Y, Nakano I
  Title
A homozygous mutation of C12orf65 causes spastic paraplegia with optic atrophy and neuropathy (SPG55).
  Journal
J Med Genet 49:777-84 (2012)
DOI:10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101212
Reference
PMID:23176821 (SPG56)
  Authors
Tesson C, Nawara M, Salih MA, Rossignol R, Zaki MS, Al Balwi M, Schule R, Mignot C, Obre E, Bouhouche A, Santorelli FM, Durand CM, Oteyza AC, El-Hachimi KH, Al Drees A, Bouslam N, Lamari F, Elmalik SA, Kabiraj MM, Seidahmed MZ, Esteves T, Gaussen M, Monin ML, Gyapay G, Lechner D, Gonzalez M, Depienne C, Mochel F, Lavie J, Schols L, Lacombe D, Yahyaoui M, Al Abdulkareem I, Zuchner S, Yamashita A, Benomar A, Goizet C, Durr A, Gleeson JG, Darios F, Brice A, Stevanin G
  Title
Alteration of fatty-acid-metabolizing enzymes affects mitochondrial form and function in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 91:1051-64 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.11.001
Reference
PMID:23479643 (SPG57)
  Authors
Beetz C, Johnson A, Schuh AL, Thakur S, Varga RE, Fothergill T, Hertel N, Bomba-Warczak E, Thiele H, Nurnberg G, Altmuller J, Saxena R, Chapman ER, Dent EW, Nurnberg P, Audhya A
  Title
Inhibition of TFG function causes hereditary axon degeneration by impairing endoplasmic reticulum structure.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:5091-6 (2013)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1217197110
Reference
PMID:24388663 (SPG72A SPG72B)
  Authors
Esteves T, Durr A, Mundwiller E, Loureiro JL, Boutry M, Gonzalez MA, Gauthier J, El-Hachimi KH, Depienne C, Muriel MP, Acosta Lebrigio RF, Gaussen M, Noreau A, Speziani F, Dionne-Laporte A, Deleuze JF, Dion P, Coutinho P, Rouleau GA, Zuchner S, Brice A, Stevanin G, Darios F
  Title
Loss of association of REEP2 with membranes leads to hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 94:268-77 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.12.005
Reference
PMID:25751282 (SPG73)
  Authors
Rinaldi C, Schmidt T, Situ AJ, Johnson JO, Lee PR, Chen KL, Bott LC, Fado R, Harmison GH, Parodi S, Grunseich C, Renvoise B, Biesecker LG, De Michele G, Santorelli FM, Filla A, Stevanin G, Durr A, Brice A, Casals N, Traynor BJ, Blackstone C, Ulmer TS, Fischbeck KH
  Title
Mutation in CPT1C Associated With Pure Autosomal Dominant Spastic Paraplegia.
  Journal
JAMA Neurol 72:561-70 (2015)
DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4769
Reference
PMID:25609768 (SPG74)
  Authors
Lossos A, Stumpfig C, Stevanin G, Gaussen M, Zimmerman BE, Mundwiller E, Asulin M, Chamma L, Sheffer R, Misk A, Dotan S, Gomori JM, Ponger P, Brice A, Lerer I, Meiner V, Lill R
  Title
Fe/S protein assembly gene IBA57 mutation causes hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Neurology 84:659-67 (2015)
DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001270
Reference
PMID:26179919 (SPG75)
  Authors
Lossos A, Elazar N, Lerer I, Schueler-Furman O, Fellig Y, Glick B, Zimmerman BE, Azulay H, Dotan S, Goldberg S, Gomori JM, Ponger P, Newman JP, Marreed H, Steck AJ, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Mor N, Harel M, Geiger T, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Meiner V, Peles E
  Title
Myelin-associated glycoprotein gene mutation causes Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease-like disorder.
  Journal
Brain 138:2521-36 (2015)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awv204
Reference
PMID:27153400 (SPG76)
  Authors
Gan-Or Z, Bouslam N, Birouk N, Lissouba A, Chambers DB, Veriepe J, Androschuk A, Laurent SB, Rochefort D, Spiegelman D, Dionne-Laporte A, Szuto A, Liao M, Figlewicz DA, Bouhouche A, Benomar A, Yahyaoui M, Ouazzani R, Yoon G, Dupre N, Suchowersky O, Bolduc FV, Parker JA, Dion PA, Drapeau P, Rouleau GA, Ouled Amar Bencheikh B
  Title
Mutations in CAPN1 Cause Autosomal-Recessive Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 98:1038-1046 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.002
Reference
PMID:26553276 (SPG77)
  Authors
Yang Y, Liu W, Fang Z, Shi J, Che F, He C, Yao L, Wang E, Wu Y
  Title
A Newly Identified Missense Mutation in FARS2 Causes Autosomal-Recessive Spastic Paraplegia.
  Journal
Hum Mutat 37:165-9 (2016)
DOI:10.1002/humu.22930
Reference
PMID:27217339 (SPG78)
  Authors
Kara E, Tucci A, Manzoni C, Lynch DS, Elpidorou M, Bettencourt C, Chelban V, Manole A, Hamed SA, Haridy NA, Federoff M, Preza E, Hughes D, Pittman A, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Xiromerisiou G, Wiethoff S, Schottlaender L, Proukakis C, Morris H, Warner T, Bhatia KP, Korlipara LV, Singleton AB, Hardy J, Wood NW, Lewis PA, Houlden H
  Title
Genetic and phenotypic characterization of complex hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Brain 139:1904-18 (2016)
DOI:10.1093/brain/aww111
Reference
PMID:35986737 (SPG79A)
  Authors
Park J, Tucci A, Cipriani V, Demidov G, Rocca C, Senderek J, Butryn M, Velic A, Lam T, Galanaki E, Cali E, Vestito L, Maroofian R, Deininger N, Rautenberg M, Admard J, Hahn GA, Bartels C, van Os NJH, Horvath R, Chinnery PF, Tiet MY, Hewamadduma C, Hadjivassiliou M, Tofaris GK, Wood NW, Hayer SN, Bender F, Menden B, Cordts I, Klein K, Nguyen HP, Krauss JK, Blahak C, Strom TM, Sturm M, van de Warrenburg B, Lerche H, Macek B, Synofzik M, Ossowski S, Timmann D, Wolf ME, Smedley D, Riess O, Schols L, Houlden H, Haack TB, Hengel H
  Title
Heterozygous UCHL1 loss-of-function variants cause a neurodegenerative disorder with spasticity, ataxia, neuropathy, and optic atrophy.
  Journal
Genet Med 24:2079-2090 (2022)
DOI:10.1016/j.gim.2022.07.006
Reference
PMID:23359680 (SPG79B)
  Authors
Bilguvar K, Tyagi NK, Ozkara C, Tuysuz B, Bakircioglu M, Choi M, Delil S, Caglayan AO, Baranoski JF, Erturk O, Yalcinkaya C, Karacorlu M, Dincer A, Johnson MH, Mane S, Chandra SS, Louvi A, Boggon TJ, Lifton RP, Horwich AL, Gunel M
  Title
Recessive loss of function of the neuronal ubiquitin hydrolase UCHL1 leads to early-onset progressive neurodegeneration.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:3489-94 (2013)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1222732110
Reference
PMID:30929741 (SPG80)
  Authors
Farazi Fard MA, Rebelo AP, Buglo E, Nemati H, Dastsooz H, Gehweiler I, Reich S, Reichbauer J, Quintans B, Ordonez-Ugalde A, Cortese A, Courel S, Abreu L, Powell E, Danzi MC, Martuscelli NB, Bis-Brewer DM, Tao F, Zarei F, Habibzadeh P, Yavarian M, Modarresi F, Silawi M, Tabatabaei Z, Yousefi M, Farpour HR, Kessler C, Mangold E, Kobeleva X, Tournev I, Chamova T, Mueller AJ, Haack TB, Tarnopolsky M, Gan-Or Z, Rouleau GA, Synofzik M, Sobrido MJ, Jordanova A, Schule R, Zuchner S, Faghihi MA
  Title
Truncating Mutations in UBAP1 Cause Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 104:767-773 (2019)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.001
Reference
PMID:28052917 (SPG81)
  Authors
Ahmed MY, Al-Khayat A, Al-Murshedi F, Al-Futaisi A, Chioza BA, Pedro Fernandez-Murray J, Self JE, Salter CG, Harlalka GV, Rawlins LE, Al-Zuhaibi S, Al-Azri F, Al-Rashdi F, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Wenk MR, Al-Salmi F, Patton MA, Silver DL, Baple EL, McMaster CR, Crosby AH
  Title
A mutation of EPT1 (SELENOI) underlies a new disorder of Kennedy pathway phospholipid biosynthesis.
  Journal
Brain 140:547-554 (2017)
DOI:10.1093/brain/aww318
Reference
PMID:31637422 (SPG82)
  Authors
Vaz FM, McDermott JH, Alders M, Wortmann SB, Kolker S, Pras-Raves ML, Vervaart MAT, van Lenthe H, Luyf ACM, Elfrink HL, Metcalfe K, Cuvertino S, Clayton PE, Yarwood R, Lowe MP, Lovell S, Rogers RC, van Kampen AHC, Ruiter JPN, Wanders RJA, Ferdinandusse S, van Weeghel M, Engelen M, Banka S
  Title
Mutations in PCYT2 disrupt etherlipid biosynthesis and cause a complex hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Brain 142:3382-3397 (2019)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awz291
Reference
PMID:32707086 (SPG83)
  Authors
Husain RA, Grimmel M, Wagner M, Hennings JC, Marx C, Feichtinger RG, Saadi A, Rostasy K, Radelfahr F, Bevot A, Dobler-Neumann M, Hartmann H, Colleaux L, Cordts I, Kobeleva X, Darvish H, Bakhtiari S, Kruer MC, Besse A, Ng AC, Chiang D, Bolduc F, Tafakhori A, Mane S, Ghasemi Firouzabadi S, Huebner AK, Buchert R, Beck-Woedl S, Muller AJ, Laugwitz L, Nagele T, Wang ZQ, Strom TM, Sturm M, Meitinger T, Klockgether T, Riess O, Klopstock T, Brandl U, Hubner CA, Deschauer M, Mayr JA, Bonnen PE, Krageloh-Mann I, Wortmann SB, Haack TB
  Title
Bi-allelic HPDL Variants Cause a Neurodegenerative Disease Ranging from Neonatal Encephalopathy to Adolescent-Onset Spastic Paraplegia.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 107:364-373 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.015
Reference
PMID:34415322 (SPG84)
  Authors
Verdura E, Rodriguez-Palmero A, Velez-Santamaria V, Planas-Serra L, de la Calle I, Raspall-Chaure M, Roubertie A, Benkirane M, Saettini F, Pavinato L, Mandrile G, O'Leary M, O'Heir E, Barredo E, Chacon A, Michaud V, Goizet C, Ruiz M, Schluter A, Rouvet I, Sala-Coromina J, Fossati C, Iascone M, Canonico F, Marce-Grau A, de Souza P, Adams DR, Casasnovas C, Rehm HL, Mefford HC, Gonzalez Gutierrez-Solana L, Brusco A, Koenig M, Macaya A, Pujol A
  Title
Biallelic PI4KA variants cause a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy.
  Journal
Brain 144:2659-2669 (2021)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awab124
Reference
PMID:31636353 (SPG85)
  Authors
Wagner M, Osborn DPS, Gehweiler I, Nagel M, Ulmer U, Bakhtiari S, Amouri R, Boostani R, Hentati F, Hockley MM, Holbling B, Schwarzmayr T, Karimiani EG, Kernstock C, Maroofian R, Muller-Felber W, Ozkan E, Padilla-Lopez S, Reich S, Reichbauer J, Darvish H, Shahmohammadibeni N, Tafakhori A, Vill K, Zuchner S, Kruer MC, Winkelmann J, Jamshidi Y, Schule R
  Title
Bi-allelic variants in RNF170 are associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Nat Commun 10:4790 (2019)
DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-12620-9
Reference
PMID:34489854 (SPG86)
  Authors
Yahia A, Elsayed LEO, Valter R, Hamed AAA, Mohammed IN, Elseed MA, Salih MA, Esteves T, Auger N, Abubaker R, Koko M, Abozar F, Malik H, Adil R, Emad S, Musallam MA, Idris R, Eltazi IZM, Babai A, Ahmed EAA, Abd Allah ASI, Mairey M, Ahmed AKMA, Elbashir MI, Brice A, Ibrahim ME, Ahmed AE, Lamari F, Stevanin G
  Title
Pathogenic Variants in ABHD16A Cause a Novel Psychomotor Developmental Disorder With Spastic Paraplegia.
  Journal
Front Neurol 12:720201 (2021)
DOI:10.3389/fneur.2021.720201
Reference
PMID:35718349 (SPG87)
  Authors
Tabara LC, Al-Salmi F, Maroofian R, Al-Futaisi AM, Al-Murshedi F, Kennedy J, Day JO, Courtin T, Al-Khayat A, Galedari H, Mazaheri N, Protasoni M, Johnson M, Leslie JS, Salter CG, Rawlins LE, Fasham J, Al-Maawali A, Voutsina N, Charles P, Harrold L, Keren B, Kunji ERS, Vona B, Jelodar G, Sedaghat A, Shariati G, Houlden H, Crosby AH, Prudent J, Baple EL
  Title
TMEM63C mutations cause mitochondrial morphology defects and underlie hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Brain 145:3095-3107 (2022)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awac123
Reference
PMID:34564892 (SPG88)
  Authors
Schob C, Hempel M, Safka Brozkova D, Jiang H, Kim SY, Batzir NA, Orenstein N, Bierhals T, Johannsen J, Uhrova Meszarosova A, Chae JH, Seeman P, Woidy M, Fang F, Kubisch C, Kindler S, Denecke J
  Title
Dominant KPNA3 Mutations Cause Infantile-Onset Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia.
  Journal
Ann Neurol 90:738-750 (2021)
DOI:10.1002/ana.26228
Reference
PMID:37119330 (SPG89)
  Authors
Deng R, Medico-Salsench E, Nikoncuk A, Ramakrishnan R, Lanko K, Kuhn NA, van der Linde HC, Lor-Zade S, Albuainain F, Shi Y, Yousefi S, Capo I, van den Herik EM, van Slegtenhorst M, van Minkelen R, Geeven G, Mulder MT, Ruijter GJG, Lutjohann D, Jacobs EH, Houlden H, Pagnamenta AT, Metcalfe K, Jackson A, Banka S, De Simone L, Schwaede A, Kuntz N, Palculict TB, Abbas S, Umair M, AlMuhaizea M, Colak D, AlQudairy H, Alsagob M, Pereira C, Trunzo R, Karageorgou V, Bertoli-Avella AM, Bauer P, Bouman A, Hoefsloot LH, van Ham TJ, Issa M, Zaki MS, Gleeson JG, Willemsen R, Kaya N, Arold ST, Maroofian R, Sanderson LE, Barakat TS
  Title
AMFR dysfunction causes autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia in human that is amenable to statin treatment in a preclinical model.
  Journal
Acta Neuropathol 146:353-368 (2023)
DOI:10.1007/s00401-023-02579-9
Reference
PMID:36718090 (SPG90A SPG90B)
  Authors
Srivastava S, Shaked HM, Gable K, Gupta SD, Pan X, Somashekarappa N, Han G, Mohassel P, Gotkine M, Doney E, Goldenberg P, Tan QKG, Gong Y, Kleinstiver B, Wishart B, Cope H, Pires CB, Stutzman H, Spillmann RC, Sadjadi R, Elpeleg O, Lee CH, Bellen HJ, Edvardson S, Eichler F, Dunn TM
  Title
SPTSSA variants alter sphingolipid synthesis and cause a complex hereditary spastic paraplegia.
  Journal
Brain 146:1420-1435 (2023)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awac460
Reference
PMID:35150594 (SPG91)
  Authors
Van de Vondel L, De Winter J, Beijer D, Coarelli G, Wayand M, Palvadeau R, Pauly MG, Klein K, Rautenberg M, Guillot-Noel L, Deconinck T, Vural A, Ertan S, Dogu O, Uysal H, Brankovic V, Herzog R, Brice A, Durr A, Klebe S, Stock F, Bischoff AT, Rattay TW, Sobrido MJ, De Michele G, De Jonghe P, Klopstock T, Lohmann K, Zanni G, Santorelli FM, Timmerman V, Haack TB, Zuchner S, Schule R, Stevanin G, Synofzik M, Basak AN, Baets J
  Title
De Novo and Dominantly Inherited SPTAN1 Mutations Cause Spastic Paraplegia and Cerebellar Ataxia.
  Journal
Mov Disord 37:1175-1186 (2022)
DOI:10.1002/mds.28959
Reference
PMID:36136088 (SPG92)
  Authors
Rebelo AP, Ruiz A, Dohrn MF, Wayand M, Farooq A, Danzi MC, Beijer D, Aaron B, Vandrovcova J, Houlden H, Matalonga L, Abreu L, Rouleau G, Estiar MA, Van de Vondel L, Gan-Or Z, Baets J, Schule R, Zuchner S
  Title
BiP inactivation due to loss of the deAMPylation function of FICD causes a motor neuron disease.
  Journal
Genet Med 24:2487-2500 (2022)
DOI:10.1016/j.gim.2022.08.019
Reference
PMID:36256512 (SPG93)
  Authors
Kaiyrzhanov R, Zaki MS, Lau T, Sen S, Azizimalamiri R, Zamani M, Sayin GY, Hilander T, Efthymiou S, Chelban V, Brown R, Thompson K, Scarano MI, Ganesh J, Koneev K, Gulacar IM, Person R, Sadykova D, Maidyrov Y, Seifi T, Zadagali A, Bernard G, Allis K, Elloumi HZ, Lindy A, Taghiabadi E, Verma S, Logan R, Kirmse B, Bai R, Khalaf SM, Abdel-Hamid MS, Sedaghat A, Shariati G, Issa M, Zeighami J, Elbendary HM, Brown G, Taylor RW, Galehdari H, Gleeson JJ, Carroll CJ, Cowan JA, Moreno-De-Luca A, Houlden H, Maroofian R
  Title
Phenotypic continuum of NFU1-related disorders.
  Journal
Ann Clin Transl Neurol 9:2025-2035 (2022)
DOI:10.1002/acn3.51679
LinkDB

» Japanese version

KEGG   DISEASE: Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
Entry
H00606                      Disease                                
Name
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy;
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy;
Ohtahara syndrome
  Subgroup
West syndrome [DS:H01460]
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome [DS:H01813]
PCDH19-related epilepsy syndrome [DS:H01775]
Malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy [DS:H01815]
Global cerebral hypomyelination [DS:H01305]
Hyperekplexia and epilepsy [DS:H02353]
  Supergrp
Symptomatic generalized epilepsies [DS:H00577]
Description
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), also known as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), is characterized by frequent tonic spasms of early onset within a few months of life, and a suppression-burst pattern in electroencephalography (EEG). Many causes have been considered for EIEE. It has been reported that 75% of the cases subsequently evolve to West syndrome, and later a much smaller number progress to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Category
Nervous system disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
 08 Diseases of the nervous system
  Epilepsy or seizures
   8A62  Epileptic encephalopathies
    H00606  Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
 Signal transduction
  nt06528  Calcium signaling
   H00606  Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
 Cellular process
  nt06512  Chromosome cohesion and segregation
   H00606  Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
  nt06541  Cytoskeleton in neurons
   H00606  Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
  nt06544  Neuroactive ligand signaling
   H00606  Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
Pathway
hsa04020  Calcium signaling pathway
hsa04724  Glutamatergic synapse
hsa04727  GABAergic synapse
hsa04082  Neuroactive ligand signaling
Network
nt06512 Chromosome cohesion and segregation
nt06528 Calcium signaling
nt06541 Cytoskeleton in neurons
nt06544 Neuroactive ligand signaling
Gene
(DEE1) ARX [HSA:170302] [KO:K09452]
(DEE2) CDKL5 [HSA:6792] [KO:K08824]
(DEE3) SLC25A22 [HSA:79751] [KO:K15107]
(DEE4) STXBP1 [HSA:6812] [KO:K15292]
(DEE5) SPTAN1 [HSA:6709] [KO:K06114]
(DEE6B) SCN1A [HSA:6323] [KO:K04833]
(DEE7) KCNQ2 [HSA:3785] [KO:K04927]
(DEE8) ARHGEF9 [HSA:23229] [KO:K20686]
(DEE9) PCDH19 [HSA:57526] [KO:K16499]
(DEE10) PNKP [HSA:11284] [KO:K08073]
(DEE11) SCN2A [HSA:6326] [KO:K04834]
(DEE12) PLCB1 [HSA:23236] [KO:K05858]
(DEE13) SCN8A [HSA:6334] [KO:K04840]
(DEE14) KCNT1 [HSA:57582] [KO:K04946]
(DEE15) ST3GAL3 [HSA:6487] [KO:K00781]
(DEE16) TBC1D24 [HSA:57465] [KO:K21841]
(DEE17) GNAO1 [HSA:2775] [KO:K04534]
(DEE18) SZT2 [HSA:23334] [KO:K23298]
(DEE19) GABRA1 [HSA:2554] [KO:K05175]
(DEE21) NECAP1 [HSA:25977] [KO:K20069]
(DEE22) SLC35A2 [HSA:7355] [KO:K15272]
(DEE23) DOCK7 [HSA:85440] [KO:K21852]
(DEE24) HCN1 [HSA:348980] [KO:K04954]
(DEE25) SLC13A5 [HSA:284111] [KO:K14445]
(DEE26) KCNB1 [HSA:3745] [KO:K04885]
(DEE27) GRIN2B [HSA:2904] [KO:K05210]
(DEE28) WWOX [HSA:51741] [KO:K19329]
(DEE29) AARS [HSA:16] [KO:K01872]
(DEE30) SIK1 [HSA:150094] [KO:K19008]
(DEE31A/31B) DNM1 [HSA:1759] [KO:K01528]
(DEE32) KCNA2 [HSA:3737] [KO:K04875]
(DEE33) EEF1A2 [HSA:1917] [KO:K03231]
(DEE34) SLC12A5 [HSA:57468] [KO:K23967]
(DEE35) ITPA [HSA:3704] [KO:K01519]
(DEE36) ALG13 [HSA:79868] [KO:K07432]
(DEE37) FRRS1L [HSA:23732] [KO:K25381]
(DEE38) ARV1 [HSA:64801] [KO:K21848]
(DEE39) SLC25A12 [HSA:8604] [KO:K15105]
(DEE40) GUF1 [HSA:60558] [KO:K21594]
(DEE41) SLC1A2 [HSA:6506] [KO:K05613]
(DEE42) CACNA1A [HSA:773] [KO:K04344]
(DEE43) GABRB3 [HSA:2562] [KO:K05181]
(DEE44) UBA5 [HSA:79876] [KO:K12164]
(DEE45) GABRB1 [HSA:2560] [KO:K05181]
(DEE46) GRIN2D [HSA:2906] [KO:K05212]
(DEE47) FGF12 [HSA:2257] [KO:K22413]
(DEE48) AP3B2 [HSA:8120] [KO:K12397]
(DEE49) DENND5A [HSA:23258] [KO:K20164]
(DEE50) CAD [HSA:790] [KO:K11540]
(DEE51) MDH2 [HSA:4191] [KO:K00026]
(DEE52) SCN1B [HSA:6324] [KO:K04845]
(DEE53) SYNJ1 [HSA:8867] [KO:K20279]
(DEE54) HNRNPU [HSA:3192] [KO:K12888]
(DEE55) PIGP [HSA:51227] [KO:K03861]
(DEE56) YWHAG [HSA:7532] [KO:K16198]
(DEE57) KCNT2 [HSA:343450] [KO:K04947]
(DEE58) NTRK2 [HSA:4915] [KO:K04360]
(DEE59) GABBR2 [HSA:9568] [KO:K04615]
(DEE60) CNPY3 [HSA:10695] [KO:K22816]
(DEE61) ADAM22 [HSA:53616] [KO:K16068]
(DEE62) SCN3A [HSA:6328] [KO:K04836]
(DEE63) CPLX1 [HSA:10815] [KO:K15294]
(DEE64) RHOBTB2 [HSA:23221] [KO:K07868]
(DEE65) CYFIP2 [HSA:26999] [KO:K05749]
(DEE66) PACS2 [HSA:23241] [KO:K23294]
(DEE67) CUX2 [HSA:23316] [KO:K09313]
(DEE68) TRAK1 [HSA:22906] [KO:K15369]
(DEE69) CACNA1E [HSA:777] [KO:K04852]
(DEE70) PHACTR1 [HSA:221692] [KO:K17594]
(DEE71) GLS [HSA:2744] [KO:K01425]
(DEE72) NEUROD2 [HSA:4761] [KO:K09078]
(DEE73) RNF13 [HSA:11342] [KO:K15692]
(DEE74) GABRG2 [HSA:2566] [KO:K05186]
(DEE75) PARS2 [HSA:25973] [KO:K01881]
(DEE76) ACTL6B [HSA:51412] [KO:K11652]
(DEE77) PIGQ [HSA:9091] [KO:K03860]
(DEE78) GABRA2 [HSA:2555] [KO:K05175]
(DEE79) GABRA5 [HSA:2558] [KO:K05175]
(DEE80) PIGB [HSA:9488] [KO:K05286]
(DEE81) DMXL2 [HSA:23312] [KO:K24155]
(DEE82) GOT2 [HSA:2806] [KO:K14455]
(DEE83) UGP2 [HSA:7360] [KO:K00963]
(DEE84) UGDH [HSA:7358] [KO:K00012]
(DEE85) SMC1A [HSA:8243] [KO:K06636]
(DEE86) DALRD3 [HSA:55152] [KO:K24973]
(DEE87) CDK19 [HSA:23097] [KO:K02208]
(DEE88) MDH1 [HSA:4190] [KO:K00025]
(DEE89) GAD1 [HSA:2571] [KO:K01580]
(DEE90) FGF13 [HSA:2258] [KO:K22413]
(DEE91) PPP3CA [HSA:5530] [KO:K04348]
(DEE92) GABRB2 [HSA:2561] [KO:K05181]
(DEE93) ATP6V1A [HSA:523] [KO:K02145]
(DEE94) CHD2 [HSA:1106] [KO:K20091]
(DEE95) PIGS [HSA:94005] [KO:K05291]
(DEE96) NSF [HSA:4905] [KO:K06027]
(DEE97) CELF2 [HSA:10659] [KO:K13207]
(DEE98) ATP1A2 [HSA:477] [KO:K01539]
(DEE99) ATP1A3 [HSA:478] [KO:K01539]
(DEE100) FBXO28 [HSA:23219] [KO:K10306]
(DEE101) GRIN1 [HSA:2902] [KO:K05208]
(DEE102) SLC38A3 [HSA:10991] [KO:K13576]
(DEE103) KCNC2 [HSA:3747] [KO:K04888]
(DEE104) ATP6V0A1 [HSA:535] [KO:K02154]
(DEE105) HID1 [HSA:283987] [KO:K27894]
(DEE106) UFSP2 [HSA:55325] [KO:K01376]
(DEE107) NAPB [HSA:63908] [KO:K26120]
(DEE108) MAST3 [HSA:23031] [KO:K08789]
(DEE109) FZR1 [HSA:51343] [KO:K03364]
(DEE110) CACNA2D1 [HSA:781] [KO:K04858]
(DEE111) DEPDC5 [HSA:9681] [KO:K20404]
(DEE112) KCNH5 [HSA:27133] [KO:K04908]
(DEE113) SV2A [HSA:9900] [KO:K06258]
(DEE114) SLC32A1 [HSA:140679] [KO:K15015]
(DEE115) SNF8 [HSA:11267] [KO:K12188]
(DEE116) GLUL [HSA:2752] [KO:K01915]
(DEE117) SNAP25 [HSA:6616] [KO:K18211]
(DEE118) TMEM63B [HSA:55362] [KO:K21989]
(DEE119) RNU2-2 [HSA:26855] [KO:K14277]
Other DBs
ICD-11: 8A62.Y
MeSH: D013036 C567924
OMIM: 308350 300672 609304 612164 613477 619317 613720 300607 300088 613402 613721 613722 614558 614959 615006 615338 615473 615476 615744 615833 300896 615859 615871 615905 616056 616139 616211 616339 616341 616346 620352 616366 616409 616645 616647 300884 616981 617020 612949 617065 617105 617106 617113 617132 617153 617162 617166 617276 617281 616457 617339 617350 617389 617391 617904 617771 617830 617904 617599 617665 617929 617933 617938 617976 618004 618008 618067 618141 618201 618285 618298 618328 618374 618379 618396 618437 618468 618548 618557 618559 618580 618663 618721 618744 618792 301044 618910 618916 618959 619124 301058 617711 617829 618012 615369 618143 619340 619561 619605 619606 619777 619814 619881 619913 619970 619983 620028 620033 620115 620145 620149 620504 620537 620772 620774 620783 620806 616330 621250 621304
Reference
  Authors
Ohtahara S, Yamatogi Y
  Title
Epileptic encephalopathies in early infancy with suppression-burst.
  Journal
J Clin Neurophysiol 20:398-407 (2003)
DOI:10.1097/00004691-200311000-00003
Reference
  Authors
Ohtahara S, Yamatogi Y
  Title
Ohtahara syndrome: with special reference to its developmental aspects for differentiating from early myoclonic encephalopathy.
  Journal
Epilepsy Res 70 Suppl 1:S58-67 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.021
Reference
  Authors
Yamatogi Y, Ohtahara S
  Title
Early-infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-bursts, Ohtahara syndrome; its overview referring to our 16 cases.
  Journal
Brain Dev 24:13-23 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0387-7604(01)00392-8
Reference
  Authors
Gonsales MC, Montenegro MA, Soler CV, Coan AC, Guerreiro MM, Lopes-Cendes I
  Title
Recent developments in the genetics of childhood epileptic encephalopathies: impact in clinical practice.
  Journal
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 73:946-58 (2015)
DOI:10.1590/0004-282X20150122
Reference
  Authors
McTague A, Howell KB, Cross JH, Kurian MA, Scheffer IE
  Title
The genetic landscape of the epileptic encephalopathies of infancy and childhood.
  Journal
Lancet Neurol 15:304-16 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00250-1
Reference
PMID:11889467 (DEE1)
  Authors
Stromme P, Mangelsdorf ME, Shaw MA, Lower KM, Lewis SM, Bruyere H, Lutcherath V, Gedeon AK, Wallace RH, Scheffer IE, Turner G, Partington M, Frints SG, Fryns JP, Sutherland GR, Mulley JC, Gecz J
  Title
Mutations in the human ortholog of Aristaless cause X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy.
  Journal
Nat Genet 30:441-5 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/ng862
Reference
PMID:15492925 (DEE2)
  Authors
Weaving LS, Christodoulou J, Williamson SL, Friend KL, McKenzie OL, Archer H, Evans J, Clarke A, Pelka GJ, Tam PP, Watson C, Lahooti H, Ellaway CJ, Bennetts B, Leonard H, Gecz J
  Title
Mutations of CDKL5 cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with infantile spasms and mental retardation.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 75:1079-93 (2004)
DOI:10.1086/426462
Reference
PMID:15592994 (DEE3)
  Authors
Molinari F, Raas-Rothschild A, Rio M, Fiermonte G, Encha-Razavi F, Palmieri L, Palmieri F, Ben-Neriah Z, Kadhom N, Vekemans M, Attie-Bitach T, Munnich A, Rustin P, Colleaux L
  Title
Impaired mitochondrial glutamate transport in autosomal recessive neonatal myoclonic epilepsy.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 76:334-9 (2005)
DOI:10.1086/427564
Reference
PMID:18469812 (DEE4)
  Authors
Saitsu H, Kato M, Mizuguchi T, Hamada K, Osaka H, Tohyama J, Uruno K, Kumada S, Nishiyama K, Nishimura A, Okada I, Yoshimura Y, Hirai S, Kumada T, Hayasaka K, Fukuda A, Ogata K, Matsumoto N
  Title
De novo mutations in the gene encoding STXBP1 (MUNC18-1) cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
  Journal
Nat Genet 40:782-8 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/ng.150
Reference
PMID:20493457 (DEE5)
  Authors
Saitsu H, Tohyama J, Kumada T, Egawa K, Hamada K, Okada I, Mizuguchi T, Osaka H, Miyata R, Furukawa T, Haginoya K, Hoshino H, Goto T, Hachiya Y, Yamagata T, Saitoh S, Nagai T, Nishiyama K, Nishimura A, Miyake N, Komada M, Hayashi K, Hirai S, Ogata K, Kato M, Fukuda A, Matsumoto N
  Title
Dominant-negative mutations in alpha-II spectrin cause West syndrome with severe cerebral hypomyelination, spastic quadriplegia, and developmental delay.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 86:881-91 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.013
Reference
PMID:24776920 (DEE6B)
  Authors
Ohashi T, Akasaka N, Kobayashi Y, Magara S, Kawashima H, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H, Tohyama J
  Title
Infantile epileptic encephalopathy with a hyperkinetic movement disorder and hand stereotypies associated with a novel SCN1A mutation.
  Journal
Epileptic Disord 16:208-12 (2014)
DOI:10.1684/epd.2014.0649
Reference
PMID:12742592 (DEE7)
  Authors
Dedek K, Fusco L, Teloy N, Steinlein OK
  Title
Neonatal convulsions and epileptic encephalopathy in an Italian family with a missense mutation in the fifth transmembrane region of KCNQ2.
  Journal
Epilepsy Res 54:21-7 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/s0920-1211(03)00037-8
Reference
PMID:15215304 (DEE8)
  Authors
Harvey K, Duguid IC, Alldred MJ, Beatty SE, Ward H, Keep NH, Lingenfelter SE, Pearce BR, Lundgren J, Owen MJ, Smart TG, Luscher B, Rees MI, Harvey RJ
  Title
The GDP-GTP exchange factor collybistin: an essential determinant of neuronal gephyrin clustering.
  Journal
J Neurosci 24:5816-26 (2004)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1184-04.2004
Reference
PMID:18469813 (DEE9)
  Authors
Dibbens LM, Tarpey PS, Hynes K, Bayly MA, Scheffer IE, Smith R, Bomar J, Sutton E, Vandeleur L, Shoubridge C, Edkins S, Turner SJ, Stevens C, O'Meara S, Tofts C, Barthorpe S, Buck G, Cole J, Halliday K, Jones D, Lee R, Madison M, Mironenko T, Varian J, West S, Widaa S, Wray P, Teague J, Dicks E, Butler A, Menzies A, Jenkinson A, Shepherd R, Gusella JF, Afawi Z, Mazarib A, Neufeld MY, Kivity S, Lev D, Lerman-Sagie T, Korczyn AD, Derry CP, Sutherland GR, Friend K, Shaw M, Corbett M, Kim HG, Geschwind DH, Thomas P, Haan E, Ryan S, McKee S, Berkovic SF, Futreal PA, Stratton MR, Mulley JC, Gecz J
  Title
X-linked protocadherin 19 mutations cause female-limited epilepsy and cognitive impairment.
  Journal
Nat Genet 40:776-81 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/ng.149
Reference
PMID:20118933 (DEE10)
  Authors
Shen J, Gilmore EC, Marshall CA, Haddadin M, Reynolds JJ, Eyaid W, Bodell A, Barry B, Gleason D, Allen K, Ganesh VS, Chang BS, Grix A, Hill RS, Topcu M, Caldecott KW, Barkovich AJ, Walsh CA
  Title
Mutations in PNKP cause microcephaly, seizures and defects in DNA repair.
  Journal
Nat Genet 42:245-9 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/ng.526
Reference
PMID:15028761 (DEE11)
  Authors
Kamiya K, Kaneda M, Sugawara T, Mazaki E, Okamura N, Montal M, Makita N, Tanaka M, Fukushima K, Fujiwara T, Inoue Y, Yamakawa K
  Title
A nonsense mutation of the sodium channel gene SCN2A in a patient with intractable epilepsy and mental decline.
  Journal
J Neurosci 24:2690-8 (2004)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3089-03.2004
Reference
PMID:20833646 (DEE12)
  Authors
Kurian MA, Meyer E, Vassallo G, Morgan NV, Prakash N, Pasha S, Hai NA, Shuib S, Rahman F, Wassmer E, Cross JH, O'Callaghan FJ, Osborne JP, Scheffer IE, Gissen P, Maher ER
  Title
Phospholipase C beta 1 deficiency is associated with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy.
  Journal
Brain 133:2964-70 (2010)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awq238
Reference
PMID:22365152 (DEE13)
  Authors
Veeramah KR, O'Brien JE, Meisler MH, Cheng X, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG, Talwar D, Girirajan S, Eichler EE, Restifo LL, Erickson RP, Hammer MF
  Title
De novo pathogenic SCN8A mutation identified by whole-genome sequencing of a family quartet affected by infantile epileptic encephalopathy and SUDEP.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 90:502-10 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.006
Reference
PMID:23086397 (DEE14)
  Authors
Barcia G, Fleming MR, Deligniere A, Gazula VR, Brown MR, Langouet M, Chen H, Kronengold J, Abhyankar A, Cilio R, Nitschke P, Kaminska A, Boddaert N, Casanova JL, Desguerre I, Munnich A, Dulac O, Kaczmarek LK, Colleaux L, Nabbout R
  Title
De novo gain-of-function KCNT1 channel mutations cause malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy.
  Journal
Nat Genet 44:1255-9 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/ng.2441
Reference
PMID:23252400 (DEE15)
  Authors
Edvardson S, Baumann AM, Muhlenhoff M, Stephan O, Kuss AW, Shaag A, He L, Zenvirt S, Tanzi R, Gerardy-Schahn R, Elpeleg O
  Title
West syndrome caused by ST3Gal-III deficiency.
  Journal
Epilepsia 54:e24-7 (2013)
DOI:10.1111/epi.12050
Reference
PMID:23526554 (DEE16)
  Authors
Milh M, Falace A, Villeneuve N, Vanni N, Cacciagli P, Assereto S, Nabbout R, Benfenati F, Zara F, Chabrol B, Villard L, Fassio A
  Title
Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TBC1D24 cause familial malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy.
  Journal
Hum Mutat 34:869-72 (2013)
DOI:10.1002/humu.22318
Reference
PMID:23993195 (DEE17)
  Authors
Nakamura K, Kodera H, Akita T, Shiina M, Kato M, Hoshino H, Terashima H, Osaka H, Nakamura S, Tohyama J, Kumada T, Furukawa T, Iwata S, Shiihara T, Kubota M, Miyatake S, Koshimizu E, Nishiyama K, Nakashima M, Tsurusaki Y, Miyake N, Hayasaka K, Ogata K, Fukuda A, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H
  Title
De Novo mutations in GNAO1, encoding a Galphao subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, cause epileptic encephalopathy.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 93:496-505 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.014
Reference
PMID:23932106 (DEE18)
  Authors
Basel-Vanagaite L, Hershkovitz T, Heyman E, Raspall-Chaure M, Kakar N, Smirin-Yosef P, Vila-Pueyo M, Kornreich L, Thiele H, Bode H, Lagovsky I, Dahary D, Haviv A, Hubshman MW, Pasmanik-Chor M, Nurnberg P, Gothelf D, Kubisch C, Shohat M, Macaya A, Borck G
  Title
Biallelic SZT2 mutations cause infantile encephalopathy with epilepsy and dysmorphic corpus callosum.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 93:524-9 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.005
Reference
PMID:24623842 (DEE19)
  Authors
Carvill GL, Weckhuysen S, McMahon JM, Hartmann C, Moller RS, Hjalgrim H, Cook J, Geraghty E, O'Roak BJ, Petrou S, Clarke A, Gill D, Sadleir LG, Muhle H, von Spiczak S, Nikanorova M, Hodgson BL, Gazina EV, Suls A, Shendure J, Dibbens LM, De Jonghe P, Helbig I, Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE, Mefford HC
  Title
GABRA1 and STXBP1: novel genetic causes of Dravet syndrome.
  Journal
Neurology 82:1245-53 (2014)
DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000291
Reference
PMID:24399846 (DEE21)
  Authors
Alazami AM, Hijazi H, Kentab AY, Alkuraya FS
  Title
NECAP1 loss of function leads to a severe infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
  Journal
J Med Genet 51:224-8 (2014)
DOI:10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-102030
Reference
PMID:24115232 (DEE22)
  Authors
Kodera H, Nakamura K, Osaka H, Maegaki Y, Haginoya K, Mizumoto S, Kato M, Okamoto N, Iai M, Kondo Y, Nishiyama K, Tsurusaki Y, Nakashima M, Miyake N, Hayasaka K, Sugahara K, Yuasa I, Wada Y, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H
  Title
De novo mutations in SLC35A2 encoding a UDP-galactose transporter cause early-onset epileptic encephalopathy.
  Journal
Hum Mutat 34:1708-14 (2013)
DOI:10.1002/humu.22446
Reference
PMID:24814191 (DEE23)
  Authors
Perrault I, Hamdan FF, Rio M, Capo-Chichi JM, Boddaert N, Decarie JC, Maranda B, Nabbout R, Sylvain M, Lortie A, Roux PP, Rossignol E, Gerard X, Barcia G, Berquin P, Munnich A, Rouleau GA, Kaplan J, Rozet JM, Michaud JL
  Title
Mutations in DOCK7 in individuals with epileptic encephalopathy and cortical blindness.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 94:891-7 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.04.012
Reference
PMID:24747641 (DEE24)
  Authors
Nava C, Dalle C, Rastetter A, Striano P, de Kovel CG, Nabbout R, Cances C, Ville D, Brilstra EH, Gobbi G, Raffo E, Bouteiller D, Marie Y, Trouillard O, Robbiano A, Keren B, Agher D, Roze E, Lesage S, Nicolas A, Brice A, Baulac M, Vogt C, El Hajj N, Schneider E, Suls A, Weckhuysen S, Gormley P, Lehesjoki AE, De Jonghe P, Helbig I, Baulac S, Zara F, Koeleman BP, Haaf T, LeGuern E, Depienne C
  Title
De novo mutations in HCN1 cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
  Journal
Nat Genet 46:640-5 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/ng.2952
Reference
PMID:24995870 (DEE25)
  Authors
Thevenon J, Milh M, Feillet F, St-Onge J, Duffourd Y, Juge C, Roubertie A, Heron D, Mignot C, Raffo E, Isidor B, Wahlen S, Sanlaville D, Villeneuve N, Darmency-Stamboul V, Toutain A, Lefebvre M, Chouchane M, Huet F, Lafon A, de Saint Martin A, Lesca G, El Chehadeh S, Thauvin-Robinet C, Masurel-Paulet A, Odent S, Villard L, Philippe C, Faivre L, Riviere JB
  Title
Mutations in SLC13A5 cause autosomal-recessive epileptic encephalopathy with seizure onset in the first days of life.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 95:113-20 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.06.006
Reference
PMID:25164438 (DEE26)
  Authors
Torkamani A, Bersell K, Jorge BS, Bjork RL Jr, Friedman JR, Bloss CS, Cohen J, Gupta S, Naidu S, Vanoye CG, George AL Jr, Kearney JA
  Title
De novo KCNB1 mutations in epileptic encephalopathy.
  Journal
Ann Neurol 76:529-40 (2014)
DOI:10.1002/ana.24263
Reference
PMID:24272827 (DEE27)
  Authors
Lemke JR, Hendrickx R, Geider K, Laube B, Schwake M, Harvey RJ, James VM, Pepler A, Steiner I, Hortnagel K, Neidhardt J, Ruf S, Wolff M, Bartholdi D, Caraballo R, Platzer K, Suls A, De Jonghe P, Biskup S, Weckhuysen S
  Title
GRIN2B mutations in West syndrome and intellectual disability with focal epilepsy.
  Journal
Ann Neurol 75:147-54 (2014)
DOI:10.1002/ana.24073
Reference
PMID:24456803 (DEE28)
  Authors
Abdel-Salam G, Thoenes M, Afifi HH, Korber F, Swan D, Bolz HJ
  Title
The supposed tumor suppressor gene WWOX is mutated in an early lethal microcephaly syndrome with epilepsy, growth retardation and retinal degeneration.
  Journal
Orphanet J Rare Dis 9:12 (2014)
DOI:10.1186/1750-1172-9-12
Reference
PMID:25817015 (DEE29)
  Authors
Simons C, Griffin LB, Helman G, Golas G, Pizzino A, Bloom M, Murphy JL, Crawford J, Evans SH, Topper S, Whitehead MT, Schreiber JM, Chapman KA, Tifft C, Lu KB, Gamper H, Shigematsu M, Taft RJ, Antonellis A, Hou YM, Vanderver A
  Title
Loss-of-function alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutations cause an autosomal-recessive early-onset epileptic encephalopathy with persistent myelination defect.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 96:675-81 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.02.012
Reference
PMID:25839329 (DEE30)
  Authors
Hansen J, Snow C, Tuttle E, Ghoneim DH, Yang CS, Spencer A, Gunter SA, Smyser CD, Gurnett CA, Shinawi M, Dobyns WB, Wheless J, Halterman MW, Jansen LA, Paschal BM, Paciorkowski AR
  Title
De novo mutations in SIK1 cause a spectrum of developmental epilepsies.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 96:682-90 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.02.013
Reference
PMID:25262651 (DEE31A_59)
  Title
De novo mutations in synaptic transmission genes including DNM1 cause epileptic encephalopathies.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 95:360-70 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.08.013
Reference
PMID:34172529 (DEE31B)
  Authors
Yigit G, Sheffer R, Daana M, Li Y, Kaygusuz E, Mor-Shakad H, Altmuller J, Nurnberg P, Douiev L, Kaulfuss S, Burfeind P, Wollnik B, Brockmann K
  Title
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Heterozygous RNF13 Gain-of-Function Variants Are Associated with Congenital Microcephaly, Epileptic Encephalopathy, Blindness, and Failure to Thrive.
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Am J Hum Genet 104:179-185 (2019)
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Shen D, Hernandez CC, Shen W, Hu N, Poduri A, Shiedley B, Rotenberg A, Datta AN, Leiz S, Patzer S, Boor R, Ramsey K, Goldberg E, Helbig I, Ortiz-Gonzalez XR, Lemke JR, Marsh ED, Macdonald RL
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De novo GABRG2 mutations associated with epileptic encephalopathies.
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Brain 140:49-67 (2017)
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PMID:29915213 (DEE75)
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Yin X, Tang B, Mao X, Peng J, Zeng S, Wang Y, Jiang H, Li N
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The genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of PARS2-related infantile-onset encephalopathy.
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J Hum Genet 63:971-980 (2018)
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PMID:31031012 (DEE76)
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Bell S, Rousseau J, Peng H, Aouabed Z, Priam P, Theroux JF, Jefri M, Tanti A, Wu H, Kolobova I, Silviera H, Manzano-Vargas K, Ehresmann S, Hamdan FF, Hettige N, Zhang X, Antonyan L, Nassif C, Ghaloul-Gonzalez L, Sebastian J, Vockley J, Begtrup AG, Wentzensen IM, Crunk A, Nicholls RD, Herman KC, Deignan JL, Al-Hertani W, Efthymiou S, Salpietro V, Miyake N, Makita Y, Matsumoto N, Ostern R, Houge G, Hafstrom M, Fassi E, Houlden H, Klein Wassink-Ruiter JS, Nelson D, Goldstein A, Dabir T, van Gils J, Bourgeron T, Delorme R, Cooper GM, Martinez JE, Finnila CR, Carmant L, Lortie A, Oegema R, van Gassen K, Mehta SG, Huhle D, Abou Jamra R, Martin S, Brunner HG, Lindhout D, Au M, Graham JM Jr, Coubes C, Turecki G, Gravel S, Mechawar N, Rossignol E, Michaud JL, Lessard J, Ernst C, Campeau PM
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Mutations in ACTL6B Cause Neurodevelopmental Deficits and Epilepsy and Lead to Loss of Dendrites in Human Neurons.
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Am J Hum Genet 104:815-834 (2019)
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PMID:32588908 (DEE77)
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Johnstone DL, Nguyen TTM, Zambonin J, Kernohan KD, St-Denis A, Baratang NV, Hartley T, Geraghty MT, Richer J, Majewski J, Bareke E, Guerin A, Pendziwiat M, Pena LDM, Braakman HMH, Gripp KW, Edmondson AC, He M, Spillmann RC, Eklund EA, Bayat A, McMillan HJ, Boycott KM, Campeau PM
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Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy due to biallelic pathogenic variants in PIGQ: Report of seven new subjects and review of the literature.
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J Inherit Metab Dis 43:1321-1332 (2020)
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PMID:29961870 (DEE78_79)
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Butler KM, Moody OA, Schuler E, Coryell J, Alexander JJ, Jenkins A, Escayg A
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De novo variants in GABRA2 and GABRA5 alter receptor function and contribute to early-onset epilepsy.
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Brain 141:2392-2405 (2018)
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PMID:31256876 (DEE80)
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Murakami Y, Nguyen TTM, Baratang N, Raju PK, Knaus A, Ellard S, Jones G, Lace B, Rousseau J, Ajeawung NF, Kamei A, Minase G, Akasaka M, Araya N, Koshimizu E, van den Ende J, Erger F, Altmuller J, Krumina Z, Strautmanis J, Inashkina I, Stavusis J, El-Gharbawy A, Sebastian J, Puri RD, Kulshrestha S, Verma IC, Maier EM, Haack TB, Israni A, Baptista J, Gunning A, Rosenfeld JA, Liu P, Joosten M, Rocha ME, Hashem MO, Aldhalaan HM, Alkuraya FS, Miyatake S, Matsumoto N, Krawitz PM, Rossignol E, Kinoshita T, Campeau PM
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Mutations in PIGB Cause an Inherited GPI Biosynthesis Defect with an Axonal Neuropathy and Metabolic Abnormality in Severe Cases.
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Am J Hum Genet 105:384-394 (2019)
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Esposito A, Falace A, Wagner M, Gal M, Mei D, Conti V, Pisano T, Aprile D, Cerullo MS, De Fusco A, Giovedi S, Seibt A, Magen D, Polster T, Eran A, Stenton SL, Fiorillo C, Ravid S, Mayatepek E, Hafner H, Wortmann S, Levanon EY, Marini C, Mandel H, Benfenati F, Distelmaier F, Fassio A, Guerrini R
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Biallelic DMXL2 mutations impair autophagy and cause Ohtahara syndrome with progressive course.
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Brain 142:3876-3891 (2019)
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PMID:31422819 (DEE82)
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van Karnebeek CDM, Ramos RJ, Wen XY, Tarailo-Graovac M, Gleeson JG, Skrypnyk C, Brand-Arzamendi K, Karbassi F, Issa MY, van der Lee R, Drogemoller BI, Koster J, Rousseau J, Campeau PM, Wang Y, Cao F, Li M, Ruiter J, Ciapaite J, Kluijtmans LAJ, Willemsen MAAP, Jans JJ, Ross CJ, Wintjes LT, Rodenburg RJ, Huigen MCDG, Jia Z, Waterham HR, Wasserman WW, Wanders RJA, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Zaki MS, Wevers RA
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Bi-allelic GOT2 Mutations Cause a Treatable Malate-Aspartate Shuttle-Related Encephalopathy.
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Am J Hum Genet 105:534-548 (2019)
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PMID:31820119 (DEE83)
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Perenthaler E, Nikoncuk A, Yousefi S, Berdowski WM, Alsagob M, Capo I, van der Linde HC, van den Berg P, Jacobs EH, Putar D, Ghazvini M, Aronica E, van IJcken WFJ, de Valk WG, Medici-van den Herik E, van Slegtenhorst M, Brick L, Kozenko M, Kohler JN, Bernstein JA, Monaghan KG, Begtrup A, Torene R, Al Futaisi A, Al Murshedi F, Mani R, Al Azri F, Kamsteeg EJ, Mojarrad M, Eslahi A, Khazaei Z, Darmiyan FM, Doosti M, Karimiani EG, Vandrovcova J, Zafar F, Rana N, Kandaswamy KK, Hertecant J, Bauer P, AlMuhaizea MA, Salih MA, Aldosary M, Almass R, Al-Quait L, Qubbaj W, Coskun S, Alahmadi KO, Hamad MHA, Alwadaee S, Awartani K, Dababo AM, Almohanna F, Colak D, Dehghani M, Mehrjardi MYV, Gunel M, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Passi GR, Cheema HA, Efthymiou S, Houlden H, Bertoli-Avella AM, Brooks AS, Retterer K, Maroofian R, Kaya N, van Ham TJ, Barakat TS
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Loss of UGP2 in brain leads to a severe epileptic encephalopathy, emphasizing that bi-allelic isoform-specific start-loss mutations of essential genes can cause genetic diseases.
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Acta Neuropathol 139:415-442 (2020)
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PMID:32001716 (DEE84)
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Hengel H, Bosso-Lefevre C, Grady G, Szenker-Ravi E, Li H, Pierce S, Lebigot E, Tan TT, Eio MY, Narayanan G, Utami KH, Yau M, Handal N, Deigendesch W, Keimer R, Marzouqa HM, Gunay-Aygun M, Muriello MJ, Verhelst H, Weckhuysen S, Mahida S, Naidu S, Thomas TG, Lim JY, Tan ES, Haye D, Willemsen MAAP, Oegema R, Mitchell WG, Pierson TM, Andrews MV, Willing MC, Rodan LH, Barakat TS, van Slegtenhorst M, Gavrilova RH, Martinelli D, Gilboa T, Tamim AM, Hashem MO, AlSayed MD, Abdulrahim MM, Al-Owain M, Awaji A, Mahmoud AAH, Faqeih EA, Asmari AA, Algain SM, Jad LA, Aldhalaan HM, Helbig I, Koolen DA, Riess A, Kraegeloh-Mann I, Bauer P, Gulsuner S, Stamberger H, Ng AYJ, Tang S, Tohari S, Keren B, Schultz-Rogers LE, Klee EW, Barresi S, Tartaglia M, Mor-Shaked H, Maddirevula S, Begtrup A, Telegrafi A, Pfundt R, Schule R, Ciruna B, Bonnard C, Pouladi MA, Stewart JC, Claridge-Chang A, Lefeber DJ, Alkuraya FS, Mathuru AS, Venkatesh B, Barycki JJ, Simpson MA, Jamuar SS, Schols L, Reversade B
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Loss-of-function mutations in UDP-Glucose 6-Dehydrogenase cause recessive developmental epileptic encephalopathy.
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Nat Commun 11:595 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-14360-7
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PMID:26358754 (DEE85)
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Lebrun N, Lebon S, Jeannet PY, Jacquemont S, Billuart P, Bienvenu T
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Early-onset encephalopathy with epilepsy associated with a novel splice site mutation in SMC1A.
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Am J Med Genet A 167A:3076-81 (2015)
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PMID:32427860 (DEE86)
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Lentini JM, Alsaif HS, Faqeih E, Alkuraya FS, Fu D
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DALRD3 encodes a protein mutated in epileptic encephalopathy that targets arginine tRNAs for 3-methylcytosine modification.
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Nat Commun 11:2510 (2020)
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PMID:32330417 (DEE87)
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Chung HL, Mao X, Wang H, Park YJ, Marcogliese PC, Rosenfeld JA, Burrage LC, Liu P, Murdock DR, Yamamoto S, Wangler MF, Chao HT, Long H, Feng L, Bacino CA, Bellen HJ, Xiao B
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De Novo Variants in CDK19 Are Associated with a Syndrome Involving Intellectual Disability and Epileptic Encephalopathy.
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Am J Hum Genet 106:717-725 (2020)
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PMID:31538237 (DEE88)
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Broeks MH, Shamseldin HE, Alhashem A, Hashem M, Abdulwahab F, Alshedi T, Alobaid I, Zwartkruis F, Westland D, Fuchs S, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Jans JJM, Alkuraya FS
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MDH1 deficiency is a metabolic disorder of the malate-aspartate shuttle associated with early onset severe encephalopathy.
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Hum Genet 138:1247-1257 (2019)
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PMID:32282878 (DEE89)
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Chatron N, Becker F, Morsy H, Schmidts M, Hardies K, Tuysuz B, Roselli S, Najafi M, Alkaya DU, Ashrafzadeh F, Nabil A, Omar T, Maroofian R, Karimiani EG, Hussien H, Kok F, Ramos L, Gunes N, Bilguvar K, Labalme A, Alix E, Sanlaville D, de Bellescize J, Poulat AL, Moslemi AR, Lerche H, May P, Lesca G, Weckhuysen S, Tajsharghi H
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Bi-allelic GAD1 variants cause a neonatal onset syndromic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
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Brain 143:1447-1461 (2020)
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PMID:33245860 (DEE90)
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Fry AE, Marra C, Derrick AV, Pickrell WO, Higgins AT, Te Water Naude J, McClatchey MA, Davies SJ, Metcalfe KA, Tan HJ, Mohanraj R, Avula S, Williams D, Brady LI, Mesterman R, Tarnopolsky MA, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Wang X, Rees MI, Goldfarb M, Chung SK
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Missense variants in the N-terminal domain of the A isoform of FHF2/FGF13 cause an X-linked developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
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Am J Hum Genet 108:176-185 (2021)
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PMID:28942967 (DEE91)
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Myers CT, Stong N, Mountier EI, Helbig KL, Freytag S, Sullivan JE, Ben Zeev B, Nissenkorn A, Tzadok M, Heimer G, Shinde DN, Rezazadeh A, Regan BM, Oliver KL, Ernst ME, Lippa NC, Mulhern MS, Ren Z, Poduri A, Andrade DM, Bird LM, Bahlo M, Berkovic SF, Lowenstein DH, Scheffer IE, Sadleir LG, Goldstein DB, Mefford HC, Heinzen EL
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De Novo Mutations in PPP3CA Cause Severe Neurodevelopmental Disease with Seizures.
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Am J Hum Genet 101:516-524 (2017)
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PMID:27789573 (DEE92)
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Ishii A, Kang JQ, Schornak CC, Hernandez CC, Shen W, Watkins JC, Macdonald RL, Hirose S
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A de novo missense mutation of GABRB2 causes early myoclonic encephalopathy.
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J Med Genet 54:202-211 (2017)
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PMID:29668857 (DEE93)
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De novo mutations of the ATP6V1A gene cause developmental encephalopathy with epilepsy.
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Brain 141:1703-1718 (2018)
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PMID:30269814 (DEE95)
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Nguyen TTM, Murakami Y, Wigby KM, Baratang NV, Rousseau J, St-Denis A, Rosenfeld JA, Laniewski SC, Jones J, Iglesias AD, Jones MC, Masser-Frye D, Scheuerle AE, Perry DL, Taft RJ, Le Deist F, Thompson M, Kinoshita T, Campeau PM
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Mutations in PIGS, Encoding a GPI Transamidase, Cause a Neurological Syndrome Ranging from Fetal Akinesia to Epileptic Encephalopathy.
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Am J Hum Genet 103:602-611 (2018)
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PMID:31675180 (DEE96)
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Suzuki H, Yoshida T, Morisada N, Uehara T, Kosaki K, Sato K, Matsubara K, Takano-Shimizu T, Takenouchi T
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De novo NSF mutations cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
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Ann Clin Transl Neurol 6:2334-2339 (2019)
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Itai T, Hamanaka K, Sasaki K, Wagner M, Kotzaeridou U, Brosse I, Ries M, Kobayashi Y, Tohyama J, Kato M, Ong WP, Chew HB, Rethanavelu K, Ranza E, Blanc X, Uchiyama Y, Tsuchida N, Fujita A, Azuma Y, Koshimizu E, Mizuguchi T, Takata A, Miyake N, Takahashi H, Miyagi E, Tsurusaki Y, Doi H, Taguri M, Antonarakis SE, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Miyatake S, Matsumoto N
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De novo variants in CELF2 that disrupt the nuclear localization signal cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
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Hum Mutat 42:66-76 (2021)
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PMID:33880529 (DEE98_99)
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Vetro A, Nielsen HN, Holm R, Hevner RF, Parrini E, Powis Z, Moller RS, Bellan C, Simonati A, Lesca G, Helbig KL, Palmer EE, Mei D, Ballardini E, Van Haeringen A, Syrbe S, Leuzzi V, Cioni G, Curry CJ, Costain G, Santucci M, Chong K, Mancini GMS, Clayton-Smith J, Bigoni S, Scheffer IE, Dobyns WB, Vilsen B, Guerrini R
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ATP1A2- and ATP1A3-associated early profound epileptic encephalopathy and polymicrogyria.
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Brain 144:1435-1450 (2021)
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Balak C, Belnap N, Ramsey K, Joss S, Devriendt K, Naymik M, Jepsen W, Siniard AL, Szelinger S, Parker ME, Richholt R, Izatt T, LaFleur M, Terraf P, Llaci L, De Both M, Piras IS, Rangasamy S, Schrauwen I, Craig DW, Huentelman M, Narayanan V
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A novel FBXO28 frameshift mutation in a child with developmental delay, dysmorphic features, and intractable epilepsy: A second gene that may contribute  to the 1q41-q42 deletion phenotype.
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Am J Med Genet A 176:1549-1558 (2018)
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Delineating the GRIN1 phenotypic spectrum: A distinct genetic NMDA receptor encephalopathy.
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Neurology 86:2171-8 (2016)
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Biallelic variants in SLC38A3 encoding a glutamine transporter cause epileptic encephalopathy.
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Brain 145:909-924 (2022)
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PMID:31972370 (DEE103)
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Vetri L, Cali F, Vinci M, Amato C, Roccella M, Granata T, Freri E, Solazzi R, Romano V, Elia M
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A de novo heterozygous mutation in KCNC2 gene implicated in severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
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Eur J Med Genet 63:103848 (2020)
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PMID:33833240 (DEE104)
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Aoto K, Kato M, Akita T, Nakashima M, Mutoh H, Akasaka N, Tohyama J, Nomura Y, Hoshino K, Ago Y, Tanaka R, Epstein O, Ben-Haim R, Heyman E, Miyazaki T, Belal H, Takabayashi S, Ohba C, Takata A, Mizuguchi T, Miyatake S, Miyake N, Fukuda A, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H
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ATP6V0A1 encoding the a1-subunit of the V0 domain of vacuolar H(+)-ATPases is essential for brain development in humans and mice.
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Nat Commun 12:2107 (2021)
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Mutations in HID1 Cause Syndromic Infantile Encephalopathy and Hypopituitarism.
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Ann Neurol 90:143-158 (2021)
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A pathogenic UFSP2 variant in an autosomal recessive form of pediatric neurodevelopmental anomalies and epilepsy.
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Genet Med 23:900-908 (2021)
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Conroy J, Allen NM, Gorman KM, Shahwan A, Ennis S, Lynch SA, King MD
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NAPB - a novel SNARE-associated protein for early-onset epileptic encephalopathy.
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Clin Genet 89:E1-3 (2016)
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Pathogenic MAST3 Variants in the STK Domain Are Associated with Epilepsy.
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Ann Neurol 90:274-284 (2021)
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De novo FZR1 loss-of-function variants cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathies.
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Brain 145:1684-1697 (2022)
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Biallelic CACNA2D1 loss-of-function variants cause early-onset developmental epileptic encephalopathy.
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Brain 145:2721-2729 (2022)
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Germline homozygous missense DEPDC5 variants cause severe refractory early-onset epilepsy, macrocephaly and bilateral polymicrogyria.
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Hum Mol Genet 32:580-594 (2023)
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Exome sequencing reveals new causal mutations in children with epileptic encephalopathies.
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Epilepsia 54:1270-81 (2013)
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Homozygous Mutation in Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A Gene Results in Intractable Epilepsy, Involuntary Movements, Microcephaly, and Developmental and  Growth Retardation.
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Pediatr Neurol 52:642-6.e1 (2015)
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PMID:36073542 (DEE114)
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Platzer K, Sticht H, Bupp C, Ganapathi M, Pereira EM, Le Guyader G, Bilan F, Henderson LB, Lemke JR, Taschenberger H, Brose N, Abou Jamra R, Wojcik SM
  Title
De Novo Missense Variants in SLC32A1 Cause a Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy Due to Impaired GABAergic Neurotransmission.
  Journal
Ann Neurol 92:958-973 (2022)
DOI:10.1002/ana.26485
Reference
PMID:38423010 (DEE115)
  Authors
Brugger M, Lauri A, Zhen Y, Gramegna LL, Zott B, Sekulic N, Fasano G, Kopajtich R, Cordeddu V, Radio FC, Mancini C, Pizzi S, Paradisi G, Zanni G, Vasco G, Carrozzo R, Palombo F, Tonon C, Lodi R, La Morgia C, Arelin M, Blechschmidt C, Finck T, Sorensen V, Kreiser K, Strobl-Wildemann G, Daum H, Michaelson-Cohen R, Ziccardi L, Zampino G, Prokisch H, Abou Jamra R, Fiorini C, Arzberger T, Winkelmann J, Caporali L, Carelli V, Stenmark H, Tartaglia M, Wagner M
  Title
Bi-allelic variants in SNF8 cause a disease spectrum ranging from severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy to syndromic optic atrophy.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 111:594-613 (2024)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.02.005
Reference
PMID:38579670 (DEE116)
  Authors
Jones AG, Aquilino M, Tinker RJ, Duncan L, Jenkins Z, Carvill GL, DeWard SJ, Grange DK, Hajianpour MJ, Halliday BJ, Holder-Espinasse M, Horvath J, Maitz S, Nigro V, Morleo M, Paul V, Spencer C, Esterhuizen AI, Polster T, Spano A, Gomez-Lozano I, Kumar A, Poke G, Phillips JA 3rd, Underhill HR, Gimenez G, Namba T, Robertson SP
  Title
Clustered de novo start-loss variants in GLUL result in a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy via stabilization of glutamine synthetase.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 111:729-741 (2024)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.03.005
Reference
PMID:25381298 (DEE117)
  Authors
Shen XM, Selcen D, Brengman J, Engel AG
  Title
Mutant SNAP25B causes myasthenia, cortical hyperexcitability, ataxia, and intellectual disability.
  Journal
Neurology 83:2247-55 (2014)
DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001079
Reference
PMID:37421948 (DEE118)
  Authors
Vetro A, Pelorosso C, Balestrini S, Masi A, Hambleton S, Argilli E, Conti V, Giubbolini S, Barrick R, Bergant G, Writzl K, Bijlsma EK, Brunet T, Cacheiro P, Mei D, Devlin A, Hoffer MJV, Machol K, Mannaioni G, Sakamoto M, Menezes MP, Courtin T, Sherr E, Parra R, Richardson R, Roscioli T, Scala M, von Stulpnagel C, Smedley D, Torella A, Tohyama J, Koichihara R, Hamada K, Ogata K, Suzuki T, Sugie A, van der Smagt JJ, van Gassen K, Valence S, Vittery E, Malone S, Kato M, Matsumoto N, Ratto GM, Guerrini R
  Title
Stretch-activated ion channel TMEM63B associates with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and progressive neurodegeneration.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 110:1356-1376 (2023)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.06.008
Reference
PMID:40210679 (DEE119)
  Authors
Greene D, De Wispelaere K, Lees J, Codina-Sola M, Jensson BO, Hales E, Katrinecz A, Nieto Molina E, Pascoal S, Pfundt R, Schot R, Sevilla Porras M, Sleutels F, Valenzuela I, Wijngaard R, Arroyo Carrera I, Atton G, Casas-Alba D, Donnelly D, Duat Rodriguez A, Fernandez Garoz B, Foulds N, Garcia-Navas Nunez D, Gonzalez Alguacil E, Jarvis J, Kant SG, Madrigal Bajo I, Martinez-Monseny AF, McKee S, Ortiz Cabrera NV, Rodriguez-Revenga Bodi L, Sariego Jamardo A, Stefansson K, Sulem P, Suri M, Van Karnebeek C, Vasudevan P, Vega Pajares AI, Carracedo A, Engelen M, Lapunzina P, Morgan NP, Morte B, Rump P, Stirrups K, Tizzano EF, Barakat TS, O'Donoghue M, Perez-Jurado LA, Freson K, Mumford AD, Turro E
  Title
Mutations in the small nuclear RNA gene RNU2-2 cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with prominent epilepsy.
  Journal
Nat Genet 57:1367-1373 (2025)
DOI:10.1038/s41588-025-02159-5
LinkDB

» Japanese version

KEGG   DISEASE: Distal hereditary motor neuropathies
Entry
H00856                      Disease                                
Name
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies
  Subgroup
Autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy (HMND)
Autosomal recessive distal hereditary motor neuropathy (HMNR)
X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy (HMNX)
Description
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN) comprise a heterogenous group of diseases that share the common feature of a length-dependent predominantly motor neuropathy. Many forms of dHMN have minor sensory abnormalities and/or a significant upper-motor-neuron component, and there is often an overlap with the axonal forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) [DS:H00264] and with juvenile forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [DS:H00058] and hereditary spastic paraplegia [DS:H00266]. The causative genes with autosomal dominant, recessive, and X-linked patterns of inheritance have implicated proteins with diverse functions. Distal HMN are classified into phenotypic subtypes according to age at onset, mode of inheritance, and presence of additional features.
Category
Nervous system disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
 08 Diseases of the nervous system
  Motor neuron diseases or related disorders
   8B61  Spinal muscular atrophy
    H00856  Distal hereditary motor neuropathies
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
 Cellular process
  nt06515  Regulation of kinetochore-microtubule interactions
   H00856  Distal hereditary motor neuropathies
  nt06541  Cytoskeleton in neurons
   H00856  Distal hereditary motor neuropathies
  nt06544  Neuroactive ligand signaling
   H00856  Distal hereditary motor neuropathies
Pathway
hsa04725  Cholinergic synapse
hsa04082  Neuroactive ligand signaling
Network
nt06515 Regulation of kinetochore-microtubule interactions
nt06541 Cytoskeleton in neurons
nt06544 Neuroactive ligand signaling
Gene
(HMND2) HSPB8 [HSA:26353] [KO:K08879]
(HMND3) HSPB1 [HSA:3315] [KO:K04455]
(HMND4) HSPB3 [HSA:8988] [KO:K09544]
(HMND5) GARS1 [HSA:2617] [KO:K01880]
(HMND6) FBXO38 [HSA:81545] [KO:K10313]
(HMND7) SLC5A7 [HSA:60482] [KO:K14387]
(HMND8) TRPV4 [HSA:59341] [KO:K04973]
(HMND9) WARS1 [HSA:7453] [KO:K01867]
(HMND10) EMILIN1 [HSA:11117] [KO:K24246]
(HMND11) SPTAN1 [HSA:6709] [KO:K06114]
(HMND12/HMNR6) REEP1 [HSA:65055] [KO:K17338]
(HMND13) BSCL2 [HSA:26580] [KO:K19365]
(HMND14) DCTN1 [HSA:1639] [KO:K04648]
(HMND15) BAG3 [HSA:9531] [KO:K09557]
(HMNR1) IGHMBP2 [HSA:3508] [KO:K19036]
(HMNR2) SIGMAR1 [HSA:10280] [KO:K20719]
(HMNR4) PLEKHG5 [HSA:57449] [KO:K19464]
(HMNR5) DNAJB2 [HSA:3300] [KO:K09508]
(HMNR7) VWA1 [HSA:64856] [KO:K24507]
(HMNR8) SORD [HSA:6652] [KO:K00008]
(HMNR9) COQ7 [HSA:10229] [KO:K28034]
(HMNR10) VRK1 [HSA:7443] [KO:K08816]
(HMNR11) RTN2 [HSA:6253] [KO:K20722]
(HMNX) ATP7A [HSA:538] [KO:K17686]
Other DBs
ICD-11: 8B61.4
MeSH: D009134
OMIM: 182960 158590 608634 613376 600794 615575 158580 600175 617721 620080 620528 614751 619112 607641 621094 604320 605726 611067 614881 620011 619216 618912 620402 620542 620854 300489
Reference
  Authors
Rossor AM, Kalmar B, Greensmith L, Reilly MM
  Title
The distal hereditary motor neuropathies.
  Journal
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83:6-14 (2012)
DOI:10.1136/jnnp-2011-300952
Reference
  Authors
Reilly MM, Shy ME
  Title
Diagnosis and new treatments in genetic neuropathies.
  Journal
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80:1304-14 (2009)
DOI:10.1136/jnnp.2008.158295
Reference
PMID:15122253 (HMND2)
  Authors
Irobi J, Van Impe K, Seeman P, Jordanova A, Dierick I, Verpoorten N, Michalik A, De Vriendt E, Jacobs A, Van Gerwen V, Vennekens K, Mazanec R, Tournev I, Hilton-Jones D, Talbot K, Kremensky I, Van Den Bosch L, Robberecht W, Van Vandekerckhove J, Van Broeckhoven C, Gettemans J, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V
  Title
Hot-spot residue in small heat-shock protein 22 causes distal motor neuropathy.
  Journal
Nat Genet 36:597-601 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/ng1328
Reference
PMID:15122254 (HMND3)
  Authors
Evgrafov OV, Mersiyanova I, Irobi J, Van Den Bosch L, Dierick I, Leung CL, Schagina O, Verpoorten N, Van Impe K, Fedotov V, Dadali E, Auer-Grumbach M, Windpassinger C, Wagner K, Mitrovic Z, Hilton-Jones D, Talbot K, Martin JJ, Vasserman N, Tverskaya S, Polyakov A, Liem RK, Gettemans J, Robberecht W, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V
  Title
Mutant small heat-shock protein 27 causes axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and distal hereditary motor neuropathy.
  Journal
Nat Genet 36:602-6 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/ng1354
Reference
PMID:20142617 (HMND4)
  Authors
Kolb SJ, Snyder PJ, Poi EJ, Renard EA, Bartlett A, Gu S, Sutton S, Arnold WD, Freimer ML, Lawson VH, Kissel JT, Prior TW
  Title
Mutant small heat shock protein B3 causes motor neuropathy: utility of a candidate gene approach.
  Journal
Neurology 74:502-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181cef84a
Reference
PMID:12690580 (HMND5)
  Authors
Antonellis A, Ellsworth RE, Sambuughin N, Puls I, Abel A, Lee-Lin SQ, Jordanova A, Kremensky I, Christodoulou K, Middleton LT, Sivakumar K, Ionasescu V, Funalot B, Vance JM, Goldfarb LG, Fischbeck KH, Green ED
  Title
Glycyl tRNA synthetase mutations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D and distal spinal muscular atrophy type V.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 72:1293-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1086/375039
Reference
PMID:24207122 (HMND6)
  Authors
Sumner CJ, d'Ydewalle C, Wooley J, Fawcett KA, Hernandez D, Gardiner AR, Kalmar B, Baloh RH, Gonzalez M, Zuchner S, Stanescu HC, Kleta R, Mankodi A, Cornblath DR, Boylan KB, Reilly MM, Greensmith L, Singleton AB, Harms MB, Rossor AM, Houlden H
  Title
A dominant mutation in FBXO38 causes distal spinal muscular atrophy with calf predominance.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 93:976-83 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.006
Reference
PMID:23141292 (HMND7)
  Authors
Barwick KE, Wright J, Al-Turki S, McEntagart MM, Nair A, Chioza B, Al-Memar A, Modarres H, Reilly MM, Dick KJ, Ruggiero AM, Blakely RD, Hurles ME, Crosby AH
  Title
Defective presynaptic choline transport underlies hereditary motor neuropathy.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 91:1103-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.09.019
Reference
PMID:20037588 (HMND8)
  Authors
Auer-Grumbach M, Olschewski A, Papic L, Kremer H, McEntagart ME, Uhrig S, Fischer C, Frohlich E, Balint Z, Tang B, Strohmaier H, Lochmuller H, Schlotter-Weigel B, Senderek J, Krebs A, Dick KJ, Petty R, Longman C, Anderson NE, Padberg GW, Schelhaas HJ, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CM, Pieber TR, Crosby AH, Guelly C
  Title
Alterations in the ankyrin domain of TRPV4 cause congenital distal SMA, scapuloperoneal SMA and HMSN2C.
  Journal
Nat Genet 42:160-4 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/ng.508
Reference
PMID:28369220 (HMND9)
  Authors
Tsai PC, Soong BW, Mademan I, Huang YH, Liu CR, Hsiao CT, Wu HT, Liu TT, Liu YT, Tseng YT, Lin KP, Yang UC, Chung KW, Choi BO, Nicholson GA, Kennerson ML, Chan CC, De Jonghe P, Cheng TH, Liao YC, Zuchner S, Baets J, Lee YC
  Title
A recurrent WARS mutation is a novel cause of autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy.
  Journal
Brain 140:1252-1266 (2017)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awx058
Reference
PMID:26462740 (HMND10)
  Authors
Capuano A, Bucciotti F, Farwell KD, Tippin Davis B, Mroske C, Hulick PJ, Weissman SM, Gao Q, Spessotto P, Colombatti A, Doliana R
  Title
Diagnostic Exome Sequencing Identifies a Novel Gene, EMILIN1, Associated with Autosomal-Dominant Hereditary Connective Tissue Disease.
  Journal
Hum Mutat 37:84-97 (2016)
DOI:10.1002/humu.22920
Reference
PMID:31332438 (HMND11)
  Authors
Beijer D, Deconinck T, De Bleecker JL, Dotti MT, Malandrini A, Urtizberea JA, Zulaica M, Lopez de Munain A, Asselbergh B, De Jonghe P, Baets J
  Title
Nonsense mutations in alpha-II spectrin in three families with juvenile onset hereditary motor neuropathy.
  Journal
Brain 142:2605-2616 (2019)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awz216
Reference
PMID:22703882 (HMND12)
  Authors
Beetz C, Pieber TR, Hertel N, Schabhuttl M, Fischer C, Trajanoski S, Graf E, Keiner S, Kurth I, Wieland T, Varga RE, Timmerman V, Reilly MM, Strom TM, Auer-Grumbach M
  Title
Exome sequencing identifies a REEP1 mutation involved in distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 91:139-45 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.05.007
Reference
PMID:14981520 (HMND13)
  Authors
Windpassinger C, Auer-Grumbach M, Irobi J, Patel H, Petek E, Horl G, Malli R, Reed JA, Dierick I, Verpoorten N, Warner TT, Proukakis C, Van den Bergh P, Verellen C, Van Maldergem L, Merlini L, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V, Crosby AH, Wagner K
  Title
Heterozygous missense mutations in BSCL2 are associated with distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Silver syndrome.
  Journal
Nat Genet 36:271-6 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/ng1313
Reference
PMID:12627231 (HMND14)
  Authors
Puls I, Jonnakuty C, LaMonte BH, Holzbaur EL, Tokito M, Mann E, Floeter MK, Bidus K, Drayna D, Oh SJ, Brown RH Jr, Ludlow CL, Fischbeck KH
  Title
Mutant dynactin in motor neuron disease.
  Journal
Nat Genet 33:455-6 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/ng1123
Reference
PMID:37907725 (HMND15)
  Authors
de Fuenmayor-Fernandez de la Hoz CP, Lupo V, Bermejo-Guerrero L, Martin-Jimenez P, Hernandez-Lain A, Olive M, Gallardo E, Esteban-Perez J, Espinos C, Dominguez-Gonzalez C
  Title
Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy as a new phenotype associated with variants in BAG3.
  Journal
J Neurol 271:986-994 (2024)
DOI:10.1007/s00415-023-12039-9
Reference
PMID:11528396 (HMNR1)
  Authors
Grohmann K, Schuelke M, Diers A, Hoffmann K, Lucke B, Adams C, Bertini E, Leonhardt-Horti H, Muntoni F, Ouvrier R, Pfeufer A, Rossi R, Van Maldergem L, Wilmshurst JM, Wienker TF, Sendtner M, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Zerres K, Hubner C
  Title
Mutations in the gene encoding immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2 cause spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1.
  Journal
Nat Genet 29:75-7 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/ng703
Reference
PMID:26078401 (HMNR2)
  Authors
Li X, Hu Z, Liu L, Xie Y, Zhan Y, Zi X, Wang J, Wu L, Xia K, Tang B, Zhang R
  Title
A SIGMAR1 splice-site mutation causes distal hereditary motor neuropathy.
  Journal
Neurology 84:2430-7 (2015)
DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001680
Reference
PMID:17564964 (HMNR4)
  Authors
Maystadt I, Rezsohazy R, Barkats M, Duque S, Vannuffel P, Remacle S, Lambert B, Najimi M, Sokal E, Munnich A, Viollet L, Verellen-Dumoulin C
  Title
The nuclear factor kappaB-activator gene PLEKHG5 is mutated in a form of autosomal recessive lower motor neuron disease with childhood onset.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 81:67-76 (2007)
DOI:10.1086/518900
Reference
PMID:22522442 (HMNR5)
  Authors
Blumen SC, Astord S, Robin V, Vignaud L, Toumi N, Cieslik A, Achiron A, Carasso RL, Gurevich M, Braverman I, Blumen N, Munich A, Barkats M, Viollet L
  Title
A rare recessive distal hereditary motor neuropathy with HSJ1 chaperone mutation.
  Journal
Ann Neurol 71:509-19 (2012)
DOI:10.1002/ana.22684
Reference
PMID:27066569 (HMNR6)
  Authors
Schottmann G, Seelow D, Seifert F, Morales-Gonzalez S, Gill E, von Au K, von Moers A, Stenzel W, Schuelke M
  Title
Recessive REEP1 mutation is associated with congenital axonal neuropathy and diaphragmatic palsy.
  Journal
Neurol Genet 1:e32 (2015)
DOI:10.1212/NXG.0000000000000032
Reference
PMID:33459760 (HMNR7)
  Authors
Deschauer M, Hengel H, Rupprich K, Kreiss M, Schlotter-Weigel B, Grimmel M, Admard J, Schneider I, Alhaddad B, Gazou A, Sturm M, Vorgerd M, Balousha G, Balousha O, Falna M, Kirschke JS, Kornblum C, Jordan B, Kraya T, Strom TM, Weis J, Schols L, Schara U, Zierz S, Riess O, Meitinger T, Haack TB
  Title
Bi-allelic truncating mutations in VWA1 cause neuromyopathy.
  Journal
Brain 144:574-583 (2021)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awaa418
Reference
PMID:32367058 (HMNR8)
  Authors
Cortese A, Zhu Y, Rebelo AP, Negri S, Courel S, Abreu L, Bacon CJ, Bai Y, Bis-Brewer DM, Bugiardini E, Buglo E, Danzi MC, Feely SME, Athanasiou-Fragkouli A, Haridy NA, Isasi R, Khan A, Laura M, Magri S, Pipis M, Pisciotta C, Powell E, Rossor AM, Saveri P, Sowden JE, Tozza S, Vandrovcova J, Dallman J, Grignani E, Marchioni E, Scherer SS, Tang B, Lin Z, Al-Ajmi A, Schule R, Synofzik M, Maisonobe T, Stojkovic T, Auer-Grumbach M, Abdelhamed MA, Hamed SA, Zhang R, Manganelli F, Santoro L, Taroni F, Pareyson D, Houlden H, Herrmann DN, Reilly MM, Shy ME, Zhai RG, Zuchner S
  Title
Biallelic mutations in SORD cause a common and potentially treatable hereditary neuropathy with implications for diabetes.
  Journal
Nat Genet 52:473-481 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41588-020-0615-4
Reference
PMID:36454683 (HMNR9)
  Authors
Jacquier A, Theuriet J, Fontaine F, Mosbach V, Lacoste N, Ribault S, Risson V, Carras J, Coudert L, Simonet T, Latour P, Stojkovic T, Piard J, Cosson A, Lesca G, Bouhour F, Allouche S, Puccio H, Pegat A, Schaeffer L
  Title
Homozygous COQ7 mutation: a new cause of potentially treatable distal hereditary motor neuropathy.
  Journal
Brain 146:3470-3483 (2023)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awac453
Reference
PMID:24126608 (HMNR10)
  Authors
Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Lotze T, Jamal L, Penney S, Campbell IM, Pehlivan D, Hunter JV, Woodbury SL, Raymond G, Adesina AM, Jhangiani SN, Reid JG, Muzny DM, Boerwinkle E, Lupski JR, Gibbs RA, Wiszniewski W
  Title
Mutations in VRK1 associated with complex motor and sensory axonal neuropathy plus microcephaly.
  Journal
JAMA Neurol 70:1491-8 (2013)
DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4598
Reference
PMID:38527963 (HMNR11)
  Authors
Maroofian R, Sarraf P, O'Brien TJ, Kamel M, Cakar A, Elkhateeb N, Lau T, Patil SJ, Record CJ, Horga A, Essid M, Selim L, Benrhouma H, Ben Younes T, Zifarelli G, Pagnamenta AT, Bauer P, Khundadze M, Mirecki A, Kamel SM, Elmonem MA, Ghayoor Karimiani E, Jamshidi Y, Offiah AC, Rossor AM, Youssef-Turki IB, Hubner CA, Munot P, Reilly MM, Brown AEX, Nagy S, Houlden H
  Title
Reticulon 2 deficiency results in an autosomal recessive distal motor neuropathy with lower limb spasticity.
  Journal
Brain 147:2334-2343 (2024)
DOI:10.1093/brain/awae091
Reference
PMID:20170900 (HMNRX)
  Authors
Kennerson ML, Nicholson GA, Kaler SG, Kowalski B, Mercer JF, Tang J, Llanos RM, Chu S, Takata RI, Speck-Martins CE, Baets J, Almeida-Souza L, Fischer D, Timmerman V, Taylor PE, Scherer SS, Ferguson TA, Bird TD, De Jonghe P, Feely SM, Shy ME, Garbern JY
  Title
Missense mutations in the copper transporter gene ATP7A cause X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy.
  Journal
Am J Hum Genet 86:343-52 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.027
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