KEGG   PATHWAY: ecb04140
Entry
ecb04140                    Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Equus caballus (horse)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
ecb04140  Autophagy - animal
ecb04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Equus caballus (horse) [GN:ecb]
Gene
111776000  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
100055698  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
100061987  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
100146249  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07187]
100069009  insulin receptor substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17445]
100059954  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
100051623  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100058141  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100051753  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100052122  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100050227  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K02649]
100146348  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
100630736  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100064671  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100054961  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100061130  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100062388  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
100055481  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
100064473  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
100051785  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: GTPase KRas-like [KO:K07827]
100059469  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
100064781  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras isoform X1 [KO:K07831]
100055781  RRAS; ras-related protein R-Ras [KO:K07829]
100071586  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 isoform X1 [KO:K07830]
100051110  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100065996  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
100063190  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
100057701  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100066173  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100061166  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [KO:K08268]
100072811  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
100065679  TSC2; tuberin isoform X2 [KO:K07207]
100066615  TSC1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
100051673  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 [KO:K15464]
100064440  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
100056244  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR isoform X10 [KO:K07204]
100057185  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K20402]
100051341  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X3 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100052282  AKT1S1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16184]
100146703  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
100053005  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100057481  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100056276  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17606]
100062224  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
100073154  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 isoform X1 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100050734  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 [KO:K08331]
100062689  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 isoform X2 [KO:K19730]
100050327  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
100050653  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X4 [KO:K17906]
100054652  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
100053194  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K17908]
100060823  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908]
100056668  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
100052044  WDR45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
100056136  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A isoform X1 [KO:K17907]
100064027  ATG9B; autophagy-related protein 9B isoform X3 [KO:K17907]
100062531  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X10 [KO:K21245]
100060518  transcription factor SPT20 homolog [KO:K21245]
100060756  transcription factor SPT20 homolog [KO:K21245]
100050558  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
100065484  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X1 [KO:K23610]
100053503  C23H9orf72; protein C9orf72 homolog [KO:K23609]
100147248  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A isoform X2 [KO:K07901]
100062885  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
100067231  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 isoform X1 [KO:K14381]
100051650  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
100051339  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X4 [KO:K12650]
100051331  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
100063565  RRAGA; ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
100629499  RRAGB; ras-related GTP-binding protein B isoform X1 [KO:K16185]
100068917  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]
100071018  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D [KO:K16186]
100055913  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform X3 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100034159  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
100009710  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
100052828  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100064302  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100051333  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100052608  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100057961  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100051798  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100050934  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
100053597  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
100055447  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
100060790  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
100052295  BECN1; beclin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K08334]
100072436  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21246]
100052647  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X2 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100053039  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
100050443  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
100050652  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X5 [KO:K17985]
100052296  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
106782401  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
100054797  STX17; syntaxin-17 [KO:K08491]
100051722  UVRAG; UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein isoform X1 [KO:K21249]
100052441  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
100070138  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X4 [KO:K19330]
100058510  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100065841  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X2 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
100064339  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
100052808  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
100061244  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100061567  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 isoform X3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100066921  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X2 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100033873  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
102148738  PRAP1; proline-rich acidic protein 1 [KO:K21250]
100066488  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100071494  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100052709  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
100058825  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 isoform X2 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100070938  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100058531  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
100050098  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17603]
100073160  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 isoform X1 [KO:K08336]
100066344  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X2 [KO:K08339]
100064920  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 isoform X1 [KO:K17890]
100146693  ATG16L2; autophagy-related protein 16-2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
100051544  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X3 [KO:K08337]
100073249  ATG10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X5 [KO:K17888]
100061410  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 isoform X2 [KO:K08343]
100068181  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
100063290  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
100070207  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type isoform X1 [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100053911  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 isoform X2 [KO:K08341]
100055295  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]
111775730  GABARAP; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]
100060547  microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
100146217  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
100060830  MAP1LC3C; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]
102147898  microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 beta 2-like [KO:K10435]
102150519  microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 beta 2-like [KO:K10435]
100630367  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
100057841  ATG4D; cysteine protease ATG4D [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
100067797  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
100060165  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
100054106  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C isoform X11 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
100051928  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein isoform X1 [KO:K17987]
100056689  OPTN; optineurin [KO:K19946]
100055791  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
100054756  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21347]
100052494  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22262]
100071005  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
100052644  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
100033924  UBC; ubiquitin C [KO:K04551]
100059289  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
100050930  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
100053197  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 [KO:K08512]
100051895  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
100073104  STX7; syntaxin-7 isoform X2 [KO:K08488]
100068733  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23883]
100050008  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K23282]
100063269  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog isoform X2 [KO:K20179]
100052817  VPS16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20180]
100057119  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]
100058750  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A isoform X1 [KO:K20182]
100071007  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K20183]
100062843  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20184]
100070568  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100052914  GORASP2; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]
100068445  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
100050015  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
100050772  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b isoform X3 [KO:K07898]
100061837  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X3 [KO:K06528]
100067211  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
100629639  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
100061234  cathepsin L1 isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
100061532  CTSL; cathepsin L1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
100060963  CTSB; cathepsin B isoform X1 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
ecb04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ecb04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
ecb04142  Lysosome
ecb04150  mTOR signaling pathway
ecb04152  AMPK signaling pathway
ecb04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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