Entry
Name
Relaxin signaling pathway - Monodelphis domestica (gray short-tailed opossum)
Description
Human relaxin-2 ("relaxin"), originally identified as a peptidic hormone of pregnancy, is now known to exert a range of pleiotropic effects including vasodilatory, anti-fibrotic and angiogenic effects in both males and females. It belongs to the so-called relaxin peptide family which includes the insulin-like peptides INSL3 and INSL5, and relaxin-3 (H3) as well as relaxin. INSL3 has clearly defined specialist roles in male and female reproduction, relaxin-3 is primarily a neuropeptide involved in stress and metabolic control, and INSL5 is widely distributed particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. These members of relaxin peptide family exert such effects binding to different kinds of receptors, classified as relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors: RXFP1, RXFP2, RXFP3, and RXFP4. These G protein-coupled receptors predominantly bind relaxin, INSL3, relaxin-3, and INSL-5, respectively. RXFP1 activates a wide spectrum of signaling pathways to generate second messengers that include cAMP and nitric oxide, whereas RXFP2 activates a subset of these pathways. Both RXFP3 and RXFP4 inhibit cAMP production, and RXFP3 activate MAP kinases.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Monodelphis domestica (gray short-tailed opossum) [GN:
mdo ]
Gene
100023453 RXFP1; relaxin/insulin like family peptide receptor 1 [KO:K04306 ]
100029582 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632 ]
100010184 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7-like [KO:K04347 ]
100017208 CREB3L2; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2 [KO:K09048 ]
100020067 CREB3L4; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 4 [KO:K09048 ]
100022547 CREB3L3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 3 [KO:K09048 ]
100015046 CREB3L1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 [KO:K09048 ]
100019317 PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649 ]
100032726 PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649 ]
100616957 PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649 ]
100026442 RXFP2; relaxin/insulin like family peptide receptor 2 [KO:K04307 ]
103102289 RXFP3; relaxin/insulin like family peptide receptor 3 [KO:K08397 ]
100018774 JUN; Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04448 ]
100018285 FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379 ]
554197 NRAS; neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07828 ]
100618058 SOS1; SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 [KO:K03099 ]
100029256 SOS2; SOS Ras/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 [KO:K03099 ]
103097487 RXFP4; relaxin/insulin like family peptide receptor 4 [KO:K08398 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Bathgate RA, Halls ML, van der Westhuizen ET, Callander GE, Kocan M, Summers RJ
Title
Relaxin family peptides and their receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cernaro V, Lacquaniti A, Lupica R, Buemi A, Trimboli D, Giorgianni G, Bolignano D, Buemi M
Title
Relaxin: new pathophysiological aspects and pharmacological perspectives for an old protein.
Journal
Reference
Authors
van der Westhuizen ET, Halls ML, Samuel CS, Bathgate RA, Unemori EN, Sutton SW, Summers RJ
Title
Relaxin family peptide receptors--from orphans to therapeutic targets.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Halls ML, van der Westhuizen ET, Bathgate RA, Summers RJ
Title
Relaxin family peptide receptors--former orphans reunite with their parent ligands to activate multiple signalling pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bathgate RA, Ivell R, Sanborn BM, Sherwood OD, Summers RJ
Title
International Union of Pharmacology LVII: recommendations for the nomenclature of receptors for relaxin family peptides.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Du XJ, Bathgate RA, Samuel CS, Dart AM, Summers RJ
Title
Cardiovascular effects of relaxin: from basic science to clinical therapy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nistri S, Bani D
Title
Relaxin receptors and nitric oxide synthases: search for the missing link.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Samuel CS, Hewitson TD, Unemori EN, Tang ML
Title
Drugs of the future: the hormone relaxin.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sasser JM
Title
The emerging role of relaxin as a novel therapeutic pathway in the treatment of chronic kidney disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sarwar M, Du XJ, Dschietzig TB, Summers RJ
Title
The actions of relaxin on the human cardiovascular system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bathgate RA, Ivell R, Sanborn BM, Sherwood OD, Summers RJ
Title
Receptors for relaxin family peptides.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chow BS, Chew EG, Zhao C, Bathgate RA, Hewitson TD, Samuel CS
Title
Relaxin signals through a RXFP1-pERK-nNOS-NO-cGMP-dependent pathway to up-regulate matrix metalloproteinases: the additional involvement of iNOS.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Samuel CS, Du XJ, Bathgate RA, Summers RJ
Title
'Relaxin' the stiffened heart and arteries: the therapeutic potential for relaxin in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wilson SS, Ayaz SI, Levy PD
Title
Relaxin: a novel agent for the treatment of acute heart failure.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Halls ML, Bathgate RA, Summers RJ
Title
Relaxin family peptide receptors RXFP1 and RXFP2 modulate cAMP signaling by distinct mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kocan M, Ang SY, Summers RJ
Title
Orthosteric, Allosteric and Biased Signalling at the Relaxin-3 Receptor RXFP3.
Journal
Reference
Authors
van der Westhuizen ET, Werry TD, Sexton PM, Summers RJ
Title
The relaxin family peptide receptor 3 activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism.
Journal
Related pathway
mdo04270 Vascular smooth muscle contraction
KO pathway
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